Resonant acoustic mixing (RAM) for efficient mechanoredox catalysis without grinding or impact media

Abstract

Resonant acoustic mixing (RAM) enables mechanoredox catalysis with BaTiO3 as the piezoelectric catalyst on model diazonium coupling reactions. RAM proceeds without formal grinding or impact media, is faster than the...

Shake, shear, and grind! – the evolution of mechanoredox polymerization methodology

“…Other solidstate polymerizations have now been developed as well. 101,102 Future outlook for mechanoredoxmediated polymerizations…”

Green metrics in mechanochemistry

“…In addition, applying heat can improve reaction kinetics, resulting in better yields and faster reaction rates. [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] Moreover, the combination of heating and mechanical forces can cause solid-state transformations (e.g., phase transitions, structural changes, etc. ), which can aid in achieving specific transformations or activating desired reaction pathways.…”

“…In addition, applying heat can improve reaction kinetics, resulting in better yields and faster reaction rates. 24–32…”

Synthesis without solvent: consequences for mechanochemical reactivity

“…External factors include the type of grinder or mill used ( e.g. , mortar and pestle, mixer mill, planetary mill, twin extrusion, RAM (resonant acoustic mixing)); 14 the composition and size of the milling jar ( e.g. , polymethylmethacrylate, stainless steel, zirconia, silicon carbide, and reactive metals like nickel or copper); the size, number, and composition of grinding balls (with similar variants as the milling jar); and the time and speed of milling.…”

“…66 Some of these issues could potentially be addressed through different equipment choices, for example, specially designed mills or screw extrusion devices, or resonant acoustic mixers, which can be built to handle kilograms of reagents. 14,67 Apart from the basic issues of mixing, there are fundamental chemical issues that must be addressed, such as the dispersion of heat in highly exothermic reactions, which solvents can do efficiently. Critical reaction intermediates may be stabilized in the presence of solvents, and solvent removal may lead to deleterious changes in reaction mechanisms and outcomes.…”