Resonant CARS in I2 vapor

Attal, B.; Schnepp, O.; Taran, J. P.

doi:10.1016/0030-4018(78)90271-7

Cited by 56 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…[14]. This sequence extended into a region where it showed up as a triply discrete resonance, similar to the one observed by Attal, Schnepp, and Taran [13]. Two other sequences, corresponding to Raman resonances in the excited electronic B II"+o state were observed as well; one is a parametric FWM process and the other is a nonparametric FWM process.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…The level~c ) denotes a continuum at the two-photon energy 2', . The incorporation of this continuum state~c ) has implications which lead to diFerences with the results obtained by Attal et al [13,7], Oudar and Shen [9], and Mukamel and Loring [10]. They also derived general expressions for resonant four-wave mixing at co3=2co& -co& for the case of co i )~2.…”

Section: Theoretical Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…In contrast to nonresonance CARS, however, overtones are strong and the relative intensities are governed by Franck-Condon overlap integrals. Attal, Schnepp, and Taran [13] observed double resonances along with a single example of a triple resonance via discrete energy levels. In the case of such a triple resonance the pump and anti-Stokes frequencies are in resonance with a transition in the B H"+0 -X 'X+ sys-S881 1991 The American Physical Society tern in I2 along with the Raman resonance in the electronic ground state.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multiple resonance-enhanced four-wave-mixing processes inI2

Aben¹,

Ubachs²,

Levelt³

et al. 1991

Phys. Rev. A

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Resonance-enhanced four-wave-mixing processes were studied in molecular iodine by detection of a wave generated at frequency co3=2ct)& ct)p for a wide range of Raman frequencies (co& -co2). On the basis of known spectroscopic constants of the two electronic states involved, the electronic ground state X 'Xg and the electronic excited state B 'H"+0, an interpretation of the spectral features in terms of three essentially different four-wave-mixing processes is given. Resonance enhancement through bound states with discrete energy levels and the enhancement effect by dissociative continuum states are considered. In addition to resonance-enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman-scattering (CARS) processes, in which the Raman resonances are in the electronic ground state, two resonant schemes are identified in I2, in which Raman resonances in an excited state are probed: excited-state parametric and nonparametric CARS. The latter process is an example of electronic population transfer in a four-wave-mixing cycle. PACS number(s): 42.6S.Dr, 33.80.b

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Theoretical Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 60%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multiple resonance-enhanced four-wave-mixing processes inI2

Aben¹,

Ubachs²,

Levelt³

et al. 1991

Phys. Rev. A

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“…The first application of ERE-CARS to a gas was the detection of iodine by Attal and co-workers in 1978 [142]. In the following years the technique was applied to studying combustion relevant species.…”

Section: Molecular Physics Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser diagnostics and minor species detection in combustion using resonant four-wave mixing

Kiefer

Ewart

2011

Progress in Energy and Combustion Science

131

112

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Laser-based methods have transformed combustion diagnostics in the past few decades. The high intensity, coherence, high spectral resolution and frequency tunability available from laser radiation has provided powerful tools for studying microscopic processes and macroscopic phenomena in combustion by linear and nonlinear optical processes. This review focuses on nonlinear optical techniques based on resonant four-wave mixing for non-intrusive measurements of minor species in combustion. The importance of minor species such as reaction intermediates is outlined together with the challenges they present for detection and measurement in the hostile environments of flames, technical combustors, and engines. The limitations of conventional optical methods for such measurements are described and the particular advantages of coherent methods using nonlinear optical techniques are discussed.The basic physics underlying four-wave wave mixing processes and theoretical models for signal calculation are then presented together with a discussion of how combustion parameters may be derived from analysis of signals generated in various four-wave mixing processes. The most important four-wave mixing processes, in this context, are then reviewed:Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing (DFWM), Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS), Laser Induced Grating Spectroscopy (LIGS) and Polarization Spectroscopy (PS). In each case the fundamental physics is outlined to explain the particular properties and diagnostic advantages of each technique. The application of the methods mentioned to molecular physics studies of combustion species is then reviewed along with their application in measurement of concentration, temperature and other combustion parameters. Related nonlinear techniques and recent extensions to the ultra-fast regime are briefly reviewed. Finally practical considerations relevant to multi-dimensional and multi-species measurements, as well as applications in technical combustion systems are discussed.Keywords: nonlinear optical spectroscopy, four-wave mixing, combustion diagnostics, minor species detection, laser-induced gratings, polarization spectroscopy IntroductionEnergy from renewable sources such as solar and wind power is the goal of much current research and technological development. Combustion, however, is and is likely to remain for the foreseeable future, the most important energy source for heat, electrical power and especially for transportation. In technical combustion systems the chemical energy of fossil fuels such as coal, crude oil and natural gas is converted into heat through oxidation with oxygen from air. However, fossil fuel resources are limited and alternatives like biofuels [1] or novel technologies such as fuel cells [2] are not yet able to meet the demand. Consequently, for a sustainable use of fossil fuels it is desirable to further improve the efficiency, maintainability and reliability of existing combustion devices. Achieving such improvements depends upon an improved understanding of t...

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“…The electronic resonance can increase the resonant CARS signal considerably, minimizing concerns associated with the nonresonant background. The current technique differs from previous ERE-CARS investigations [13][14][15] in that the frequency of the Raman pump (ω 1 ) and ultraviolet probe (ω 3 ) beams are well separated. As a result, the Raman process and electronic process are, in a sense, uncoupled.…”

mentioning

confidence: 93%

Perturbative theory and modeling of electronic-resonance-enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy of nitric oxide

Kuehner

Naik

Kulatilaka

et al. 2008

The Journal of Chemical Physics

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for ERE-CARS NO spectra has been developed in the perturbative limit. Comparisons to experimental spectra are presented where either the probe laser was scanned with fixed Stokes frequency or the Stokes laser was scanned with fixed probe frequency. At atmospheric pressure and an NO concentration of 100 ppm, good agreement is found between theoretical and experimental spectral peak locations and relative intensities for both types of spectra.Factors relating to saturation in the experiments are discussed, including implications for the theoretical predictions.

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Resonant CARS in I2 vapor

Cited by 56 publications

References 9 publications

Multiple resonance-enhanced four-wave-mixing processes inI2

Multiple resonance-enhanced four-wave-mixing processes inI2

Laser diagnostics and minor species detection in combustion using resonant four-wave mixing

Perturbative theory and modeling of electronic-resonance-enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy of nitric oxide

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