Resource concentration by insects and implications for plant populations

Abstract

Summary1. The distribution of herbivores among plant patches may be an important factor determining plant population persistence. The resource concentration hypothesis proposes that herbivores are more abundant per unit plant at higher host plant densities and this has been found to occur in many systems. However, the opposite pattern, resource dilution, in which the herbivores are more abundant in low-density patches and situations in which the number of insect herbivores per unit plant remains constant, also occurs. 2. We developed a simulation model to explore how the distribution of insects per plant affects plant population decline and persistence. We varied the numbers of plants per patch and the distribution pattern, i.e. whether insects were found in a resource concentration distribution, a resource dilution distribution or a distribution in which insect abundance increased linearly with plant density. 3. Resource concentration resulted in longer persistence of plant populations. Plant populations declined more rapidly with either weak resource dilution or directly proportional insect distribution patterns. As the intensity of resource concentration increased, the decline in plant population density was reduced, and plant persistence increased because of increasing variance in insect load. Under strong resource dilution, increasing variance in the insect load also led to a reduction in plant population decline and an increase in plant persistence. 4. We complement our model with field data from the diffuse knapweed, Centaurea diffusa biocontrol system. We compared the relationship with plant density of a successful biocontrol agent, Larinus minutus, and an unsuccessful one, Urophora affinis. Larinus minutus density was directly proportional to plant density, while U. affinis showed a resource concentration pattern with higher rates of attack in high-density patches. 5. Synthesis: Patterns of insect distribution with host plant density will alter the extent to which patches of differing plant densities decline or persist. Resource concentration promotes persistence of the insect-plant system because increased herbivore pressure in high-density patches leads to negative density-dependent plant growth. Weak resource dilution and a distribution of insects that is directly proportionate to plant density can accelerate plant population decline. Strong resource dilution leads to positive density dependence with higher population growth in large patches. Our simulation model and field data demonstrate that the relationship between insect distribution and plant densities can influence plant population dynamics and has implications for choices of weed biological control agents.

Native insect herbivory overwhelms context dependence to limit complex invasion dynamics of exotic weeds

“…Although we did not directly measure herbivore densities, we found weak positive density-dependence in k under herbivore access. We can therefore conclude that the resource concentration hypothesis, which predicts lower herbivory rates at low plant densities, is unlikely to be acting in our system, and there might be weak resource dilution (Stephens & Myers 2012). However, we cannot rule out the possibility that the positive density-dependence is instead due to higher tolerance of herbivory at high plant densities or potential changes in the density of interspecific competitors.…”

Love thy neighbor? reciprocal impacts between plant community structure and insect herbivory in co‐occurring Asteraceae

“…Consequently, the observed associational effects may not apply at larger spatial scales or reflect resource-driven distribution of this stochastically outbreaking herbivore. Yet, such host concentrations may be creating outbreak dynamics in the first place, and driving spatiotemporal distribution of the herbivores (Herzig and Root 1996, Long et al 2003, Carson et al 2004, Stephens and Myers 2012. All of the hosts co-occur naturally at the level of microsites.…”

“…In patches with greater species evenness, defoliation of goldenrods may be near 100% numeric dilution of damage, except in extreme outbreaks (Carson and Root 2000). Yet, such host concentrations may be creating outbreak dynamics in the first place, and driving spatiotemporal distribution of the herbivores (Herzig and Root 1996, Long et al 2003, Carson et al 2004, Stephens and Myers 2012. In a complex interplay of herbivore dynamics and vegetation heterogeneity, associational effects may thus lead to suppression of the preferred hosts in mixed patches, thereby promoting plant coexistence, and, conversely, favoring their spatial concentration.…”

Biological control and precipitation effects on spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe): empirical and modeling results

“…Biological impacts could also accumulate with the age of the individual plant (cumulative stress across years, Underwood and Halpern 2012), so that change in plant age structure could be an unmeasured biological control factor. Stephens and Myers (2012) found that the insect load per plant could vary with the plant density. Incorporating feedbacks in the system between insect and plant density could increase the generalizability of the model to new biological control introductions.…”