“…Currently, researchers have carried out a lot of research work in response to emergency events, mainly focusing on natural disasters, such as relief distribution (Yan et al, 2014 ; Ghasemi et al, 2019 ), emergency-response management (Wang et al, 2010 ; Caunhye et al, 2016 ), and logistics management (Ozdamar et al, 2004 ; Saber & Venayagamoorthy, 2011 ; Zhang et al, 2018 ; Feng et al, 2019 ). Meanwhile, many solution methods are proposed to solve these emergency management problems, e.g., integer programming (Sheu, 2007 ; Wu et al, 2019 ), goal programming (Vitoriano et al, 2011 ), dynamic programming (Yi & Ozdamar, 2007 ), fuzzy optimization (Zheng & Ling, 2013 ), and heuristic algorithms (Yi & Kumar, 2007 ; Ren & Tian, 2016 ; Liu et al, 2018 ). In emergency management, optimizing emergency rescue routes is an essential problem, which researchers have been widely concerned about (Zhang et al, 2018 ; Yuan & Wang, 2009 ; Zhang et al, 2013 ; Wilson et al, 2013 ; Chang et al, 2014 ; Wu et al, 2017 ).…”