Resource efficiency in the German copper cycle: Analysis of stock and flow dynamics resulting from different efficiency measures

Global distribution of material inflows to in‐use stocks in 2011 and its implications for a circularity transition

“…Material flows into and from in-use stocks have traditionally been assessed through material flow analysis (MFA), which traces the flow of materials through socio-economic activities (Graedel, 2019;Eurostat, 2013). For example, multiple MFA studies have estimated the inflows and outflows of materials, such as metals (Gorman & Dzombak, 2020;Dong et al, 2019;Pfaff et al, 2018;Miatto et al, 2017;Zeng et al, 2018) and construction materials (Schiller et al, 2017;Marinova et al, 2020;Deetman et al, 2020;Wuyts et al, 2019) in different countries and world regions.…”

Mining the Built Environment: Telling the Story of Urban Mining

“…Waste management: This category included all waste and resources efficiency concepts [34,36,37], current recycling and recovery rates, and the future potentials in light of policy frameworks and/or management systems, which are themes that are generally addressed in this category of research. For example, Graedel's (2011) study evaluated the recycling potential of metals in the periodic table and discussed factors influencing recovery rates [7].…”

“…Finally, the result gets generalized to the whole stock, and estimates of material quantities are made. To overcome this complexity, researchers have developed several frameworks that link the materials cycle to the services provided by the products containing the materials while in use rather than the products or the compartments themselves [36]. In-stead of investigating a building by volume, it can be done by its service unit, e.g., the floor area (m 2 ); in that case, MICs would be in kilograms per service unit.…”

Environmental impacts and embodied environmental flows of the international trade of resource products: A case study of copper

“…据库 [24] 和 Ecoinvent 数据库 [25] 池熔炼法； 基于刘志宏 [28] 对中国铜冶炼行业的 24 家 主要企业的熔炼工艺选择梳理可知， 约 51%产能的 精炼铜采用闪速熔炼法， 11%采用富氧底吹熔炼法， 38%采用其他熔池熔炼法， 反射炉等传统铜冶炼工 艺在中国已被全面淘汰。 在粗铜生产工艺技术的选取上， 选取欧洲生产 1 kg 铜含量为 98%的粗铜的工艺技术 [25] ； 在精炼铜 的生产工艺技术清单选取上， 选取亚洲、 北美洲、 南 美洲、 欧洲、 澳大利亚、 全球的主要生产工艺， 结合 中国的铜冶炼主要工艺应用比例 [28] 。对各主要火法 炼铜工艺的应用比例、 湿法炼铜工艺的应用比例、 以及整体 SO2削减率的设定如表 4 所示。 (3) 铜化合物 根据数据可及性， 本文仅选取氧化铜和硫酸铜 制备的生产生命周期清单作为铜化合物生产的环 境影响核算产品， 基于氧化铜和硫酸铜制备的单一 环节生产工艺的物料投入与排放清单 [25] ， 结合上游 产品和原材料， 形成主要国家和地区氧化铜和硫酸 铜制备的生命周期清单。 (4) 铜材 本文在前述铜材产品的分类上， 除基础材料 外， 将零部件、 中间产品等也纳入了铜材的考虑范 表 4 精炼铜生产工艺比例 [25] Table 4 Technology applications (proportion) of the refined copper production [25] 图 6 铜冶炼技术流程示意图 [26] Figure 6 Illustration of copper smelting processes [26] ① 对中国工艺比例的设定综合考虑主要铜冶炼工艺的比例分布和亚洲的比例分布情况。 第 43 卷 第 3 期 资 源 科 学 围。根据基础铜材分类以及数据可得性， 本文仅考 虑铜片(sheet)、 铜管(tube and pipe)、 铜丝(wire)的 生产清单 [24] 德国 [30] 中国 [31,32] 美国 [33] 欧盟 [34,35] 巴西 [36] 非洲 [37] 日本 [38] 焚烧 ③ /% https://www.pbl.nl/sites/default/files/downloads/SCHO1009BRAM _e_e.pdf.…”