RESPeRATE: the role of paced breathing in hypertension treatment

Cernes, Relu; Zimlichman, Reuven

doi:10.1016/j.jash.2014.10.002

Cited by 33 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…[30] There is a class II-A, level of evidence B recommendation for BP lowering efficacy conferred on slow breathing. [31] Hence, these effects appear potentially beneficial in the management of hypertension. [30]…”

Section: Effects Of Individual Prāṇāyāma (Breathing Technique)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of various Prāṇāyāma on cardiovascular and autonomic variables

2016

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Cardiovascular functions are controlled by neural factors, temperature, hormones, etc., Of these, neural factors primarily concern the autonomic nervous system, which plays a major role in maintaining and regulating cardiac functions, e.g., blood pressure and heart rate. Prāṇāyāma is one of the most important yogic practices. There are various review articles on Yoga and its effects but, though Prāṇāyāma is a part of yoga, there is lack of review articles. To the best of our knowledge there is no known review article on effect of various Prāṇāyāma on cardiovascular and autonomic variables. To provide a general overview about the effect of various prāṇāyāma (breathing techniques) on cardiovascular and autonomic variables. A narrative review was performed based on the available scientific literature. An electronic data search was performed in Medline/PubMed database to review relevant articles, using keywords such as “Prāṇāyāma, Yogic breathing techniques, Unilateral nostril breathing, Alternate nostril breathing, Kapalbhati, Bhastrika and Bhramari Pranayama”. All the relevant articles published from 1988 to 06-04-2016 were included in this review. Slow type of yogic breathing technique was reported to produce beneficial effect on cardiovascular and autonomic variables while fast breathing techniques do not produce such effects. There is lack of consistency in the results of specific nostril yogic breathing techniques and the mechanisms behind the effects of various prāṇāyāma. This review suggests that different types of Prāṇāyāma techniques produce different effects and the mechanisms behind these effects are not fully understood.

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Section: Effects Of Individual Prāṇāyāma (Breathing Technique)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[32] Whereas, another study reported that the increase in baroreflex sensitivity depends on the slow breathing rate and not on the regularization obtained by controlling the breathing because controlled breathing at a fixed and faster frequency (15/min) did not produce such effect. [31]…”

Section: Effects Of Individual Prāṇāyāma (Breathing Technique)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of various Prāṇāyāma on cardiovascular and autonomic variables

2016

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“…Loaded breathing augments alterations in intrathoracic pressure and blood pressure swings along the respiratory cycle, which in turn may lead to stronger stimulation of the arterial baroreceptors and increased cardiac vagal modulation (Calabrese, Perrault, Dinh, Eberhard, & Benchetrit, 2000). Therefore, respiratory loads may increase the effectiveness of SDB in patients with pain and hypertension, where stimulation of the arterial baroreceptors and increased vagal modulation are suggested as possible mechanisms involved in the reduction of pain or hypertension (Cernes & Zimlichman, 2015;Jafari et al, 2017).…”

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confidence: 99%

Influence of inspiratory threshold load on cardiovascular responses to controlled breathing at 0.1 Hz

et al. 2019

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Slow, deep breathing is being used as a self‐management intervention for various health conditions including pain and hypertension. Stimulation of the arterial baroreceptors and increased vagal modulation are among the proposed mechanisms for the therapeutic effects of slow, deep breathing. We investigated whether adding inspiratory threshold load can enhance the cardiovascular responses to controlled breathing at the frequency of 0.1 Hz, a common form of slow, deep breathing. Healthy volunteers (N = 29) performed controlled breathing at 0.1 Hz (6 breaths/minute) without load and with inspiratory threshold loads of 5 cmH2O and 10 cmH2O. Respiratory airflow, heart rate, and blood pressure were continuously recorded. The amplitude of the systolic blood pressure variation during respiratory cycles increased with increasing loads. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia was higher during controlled breathing at 0.1 Hz with the load of 10 cmH2O compared to without load. Baroreflex sensitivity was not affected by loads. The effect of loads on respiratory sinus arrhythmia was mediated by increasing the amplitude of systolic blood pressure variation during respiratory cycles. These results suggest that applying small inspiratory threshold loads during controlled breathing at 0.1 Hz increases cardiac vagal modulation by this breathing exercise. This effect seems to be mediated by stronger stimulation of the arterial baroreceptors because of larger systolic blood pressure swings along the respiratory cycle. The potential benefit of long‐term practice of controlled breathing at 0.1 Hz with inspiratory threshold loads on baroreflex function and cardiac vagal control needs to be investigated, particularly in pain and hypertension patients.

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“…In addition, by the mechanism of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), paced slow breathing can be employed to achieve balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic system, increasing HRV as a possible contributor to cardiovascular health, among other benefits. It is noteworthy that commercial devices are on the market to aid people with moderate Psychophysiology of slow breathing exercises using heart rate variability measurements for stress reduction Dante G. hypertension to learn slow-breathing exercises 10 . These slow-breathing training devices need to be tested over longer periods of time (greater than 9 weeks) and there is the need to address other methodological issues 11 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%