Respiratory arrest following ingestion of wild mushrooms in 3 dogs (2006–2011)

Brandin, Anna C.; Meola, Stacy D.; Mazzaferro, Elisa M.

doi:10.1111/vec.12097

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…Diagnosing mushroom exposure or poisoning remains a significant clinical challenge, in part because of the variable time course of clinical signs associated with different species of toxic mushrooms and the limited number of diagnostic aids available. 38 Our study suggests that flotation concentration of mushroom spores is a feasible approach to concentrate mushroom spores. Further, we anticipate that the flotation methods used in our in vitro study could be easily applied to vomitus, feces, and other clinically relevant samples.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Feasibility of flotation concentration of fungal spores as a method to identify toxigenic mushrooms

Bazzle¹,

Cubeta²,

Marks³

et al. 2014

VMRR

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PurposeMushroom poisoning is a recurring and challenging problem in veterinary medicine. Diagnosis of mushroom exposure in animals is hampered by the lack of rapid diagnostic tests. Our study evaluated the feasibility of using flotation concentration and microscopic evaluation of spores for mushroom identification. Evaluation of this method in living animals exposed to toxigenic mushrooms is limited by ethical constraints; therefore, we relied upon the use of an in vitro model that mimics the oral and gastric phases of digestion.MethodsIn our study, mycologist-identified toxigenic (poisonous) and nontoxigenic fresh mushrooms were collected in North Carolina, USA. In phase 1, quantitative spore recovery rates were determined following magnesium sulfate, modified Sheather’s sugar solution, and zinc sulfate flotation (n=16 fungal species). In phase 2, mushrooms (n=40 fungal species) were macerated and digested for up to 2 hours in a salivary and gastric juice simulant. The partially digested material was acid neutralized, filtered, and spores concentrated using zinc sulfate flotation followed by microscopic evaluation of spore morphology.ResultsMean spore recovery rates for the three flotation fluids ranged from 32.5% to 41.0% (P=0.82). Mean (± standard error of the mean) Amanita spp. spore recovery rates were 38.1%±3.4%, 36.9%±8.6%, and 74.5%±1.6% (P=0.0012) for the magnesium sulfate, Sheather’s sugar, and zinc sulfate solutions, respectively. Zinc sulfate flotation following in vitro acid digestion (phase 2) yielded spore numbers adequate for microscopic visualization in 97.5% of trials. The most common spore shapes observed were globose, spiked, elliptical, smooth and reticulate.ConclusionFlotation can concentrate mushroom spores; however, false negative results can occur. Spore morphology could not be used to differentiate species of mushroom-forming fungi since the spore shape and surface characteristics seen in the present study were often observed with multiple species of mushroom-forming fungi.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%