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Certain volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as formaldehyde, acetone, and ethanol, are overexpressed in some terminal diseases like cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer’s, etc. Therefore, high‐precision detection and quantification of VOCs is imperative for early diagnosis of such detrimental diseases. Non‐invasive and accurate fluorescence‐based detection of such analytes has garnered widespread attention. The inherent luminescent properties of covalent organic frameworks (COFs), resulting from their extensive π‐conjugation, have made them suitable for sensing applications. Structural tunability and strong covalent linkers facilitate sensing by COFs. Appropriate choices of linker and skeletal units of the COF can help detect various biologically important analytes selectively. The most common linkers used in this regard is the imine linker, which can undergo excellent hydrogen bonding with different protic VOCs e.g., ethanol, methanol, etc. Besides imine detection, hydrogen bonding also proved useful for detection of aldehydes. Suitable combinations of donors and acceptors enable the COFs to have specific charge transfer interactions with many electron‐rich and electron‐poor VOCs. In this review, we have highlighted the syntheses of selective COFs incorporating linkers designed for sensing cancer‐inducing VOCs. A detailed discussion of the interaction mechanisms between COFs and these VOCs is provided, along with examples from recent literature in this field.
Certain volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as formaldehyde, acetone, and ethanol, are overexpressed in some terminal diseases like cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer’s, etc. Therefore, high‐precision detection and quantification of VOCs is imperative for early diagnosis of such detrimental diseases. Non‐invasive and accurate fluorescence‐based detection of such analytes has garnered widespread attention. The inherent luminescent properties of covalent organic frameworks (COFs), resulting from their extensive π‐conjugation, have made them suitable for sensing applications. Structural tunability and strong covalent linkers facilitate sensing by COFs. Appropriate choices of linker and skeletal units of the COF can help detect various biologically important analytes selectively. The most common linkers used in this regard is the imine linker, which can undergo excellent hydrogen bonding with different protic VOCs e.g., ethanol, methanol, etc. Besides imine detection, hydrogen bonding also proved useful for detection of aldehydes. Suitable combinations of donors and acceptors enable the COFs to have specific charge transfer interactions with many electron‐rich and electron‐poor VOCs. In this review, we have highlighted the syntheses of selective COFs incorporating linkers designed for sensing cancer‐inducing VOCs. A detailed discussion of the interaction mechanisms between COFs and these VOCs is provided, along with examples from recent literature in this field.
Background Particulate matter (PM), including the major risk factor for lung cancer (LC), greatly impacts human health. Although numerous studies have highlighted spatiotemporal patterns and PM-LC associations, these studies have not been well-reviewed. Thus, we examined epidemiological studies linked with PM-LC and provided concise, up-to-date data. Methods We used certain keywords to review articles published in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar until 30th June 2024 and identified 1474 research articles. We then filtered the research articles based on our criteria and ultimately dropped down to 30 for this review. Results Out of the thirty reviewed studies on the PM-LC relation, twenty-four focused on PM 2.5 , four on PM 10 , and two on both, indicating that approximately 80% of the respondents were inclined toward fine particles and their health impacts. The study revealed that 22 studies used visualization, 12 used exploration, and 15 used modeling methods. A strong positive relationship was reported between LC and PM 2.5 , ranging from 1.04 to 1.60 (95% CI) for a 10 µg/m 3 increase in PM 2.5 exposure. However, compared to PM 2.5 , PM 10 was found to have a significantly less positive association. Conclusions Very few studies have used advanced spatiotemporal methods to examine the association between LC and PM. Advanced spatiotemporal analysis techniques should be employed to explore this association in specific geographical locations. Further research should utilize spatiotemporal epidemiological approaches to study the link between PM and lung cancer.
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