Respiratory illness virus infections with special emphasis on COVID-19

Abstract

Viruses that emerge pose challenges for treatment options as their uniqueness would not know completely. Hence, many viruses are causing high morbidity and mortality for a long time. Despite large diversity, viruses share common characteristics for infection. At least 12 different respiratory-borne viruses are reported belonging to various virus taxonomic families. Many of these viruses multiply and cause damage to the upper and lower respiratory tracts. The description of these viruses in comparison with each other concerning their epidemiology, molecular characteristics, disease manifestations, diagnosis and treatment is lacking. Such information helps diagnose, differentiate, and formulate the control measures faster. The leading cause of acute illness worldwide is acute respiratory infections (ARIs) and are responsible for nearly 4 million deaths every year, mostly in young children and infants. Lower respiratory tract infections are the fourth most common cause of death globally, after non-infectious chronic conditions. This review aims to present the characteristics of different viruses causing respiratory infections, highlighting the uniqueness of SARS-CoV-2. We expect this review to help understand the similarities and differences among the closely related viruses causing respiratory infections and formulate specific preventive or control measures.

Phylogenetic characterization of rhinovirus and adenovirus in hospitalized children aged ≤ 18 years with severe acute respiratory infection in Iran

“…Of particular interest are HRV and HAdV, which can frequently result in acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI) in young children requiring hospitalizations ( 2 – 4 ). HRVs (family Picornaviridae , genus Enterovirus ) are nonenveloped viruses, with single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), which are classified into three species (A, B, C) ( 5 ). HRV can frequently cause upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) as well as otitis media, sinusitis, and rhinosinusitis which can be associated with acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTI) (e.g.…”

Synthesis of N-heterocyclic amides based on (+)-camphoric acid and study of their antiviral activity and pharmacokinetics

“…The COVID-19 and infl uenza can occur in mild and severe forms, and some cases are lethal. 30 Infl uenza viruses and coronaviruses are enveloped viruses containing glycoproteins on the surface. These glycoproteins refer to viral fusion proteins of the fi rst type.…”

Nano-sized Metal Oxides and Their use as a Surface Disinfectant Against COVID-19: (Review and Perspective)

“…[125][126][127][128] This is extremely useful because the virus infects the host cell by introducing the virus's nucleic acid into the host cell following physical touch. 129 Therefore, sanitizer's metal-oxide nanoparticles offer enhanced safety and health features that might be effective towards COVID-19. 130 The primary idea behind our study is to coat any material including, leather surface with AgO, CuO, ZnO, TiO 2 and MgO nanoparticles in order to eliminate Coronavirus.…”