Respiratory Infection in the Immunosuppressed

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Tuberculosis among Smear positive Contact Individuals in Port Sudan

“…In this study we exclude casual contact because of difficulties in reaching them and include the close contact therefore the prevalence of tuberculosis appears low than literature 4.6% and 10% respectively [4] , the other reasons in this study we use IGRA as single diagnostic tool. Tuberculosis spread among female more than male 1.5: 1 while in many other studies like Alfaham et al study that studied the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis and risk factors in patient at Wad Madani tuberculosis center the prevalence among male is more than female and in literature [7,13] , this because in this area most of female not employee and they look after patients in home in a situation of poor ventilation and crowd houses as shown in results. The study shows increase risk of tuberculosis in child and elder as are at risk for both endogenous reactivation and exogenous infection due to low immunity [12] .…”

“…Immunosuppression represents a major risk factor as 75% of positive IGRA are diabetics, 29.2% malnourished and 12.5% have CKD, the latter is approximately equal to that in previous study done in Port Sudan to studied the frequency and presentation of tuberculosis among patient with ESRD [14] . Smoking appears in in more than 45% of participants and more than 10% are alcoholism and both smoking and alcohol affect the phagocytosis and increase the risk of tuberculosis [7] . Most of participant are a symptomatic either this is latent TB as IGRA didn't differentiate between active and latent tuberculosis or they may deny symptoms because of social stigma the thing that delay the diagnosis and worsen the outcome.…”

“…In those individuals who exposed to mycobacterium tuberculosis just 10% develop TB disease while the immune system beside other factors as load of organism and size of droplet prevent the remainder 90% from developing TB disease [4] . Developing TB disease rather than Tb infection and presenting of TB as latent or active TB depend on many risk factors that divided into environmental factors, such ventilation, host factors such as immunosuppression as in diabetes, HIV and corticosteroid and other immunosuppressive drugs [5] , those with occupational diseases as silicosis and pneumoconiosis are at increased risk to develop tuberculosis [6] , and there are factors that related to organism as amount of organisms and size of droplets [7] . Symptomatically patient with pulmonary tuberculosis presented with chronic productive cough, nocturnal fever, shortness of breath, haemoptysis and weight loss while those with extrapulmonary tuberculosis presented with different manifestations that related to affected organ [8] .…”

Horner's Syndrome: An Unusual Iatrogenic Complication of Pneumothorax

“…Pneumothorax is most effectively relieved with a chest drain directed towards the apex of the hemithorax, 8 and it has been advocated that the tip of the drainage tube be placed no higher than the third rib posteriorly to avoid the spinal sympathetic outflow 1 , 3 . Our patient's chest drain was inserted through the 6th intercostal space and terminated medially at the apex of the hemithorax, with at least 15 cm of tube in the thorax.…”

An Assessment of Clinical Profile & Outcome in Patients with Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)

“…Pneumonia is a disease known to mankind from antiquity 1,2,3 . Pneumonia is an acute inflammation of the pulmonary parenchyma that can be caused by various infective and non-infective origins, presenting with physical and radiological features compatible with pulmonary consolidation of a part or parts of one or both lungs [4][5][6][7][8] .…”