Respiratory mechanics and results of cytologic examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in healthy adult alpacas

Pacheco, A.P.; Bedenice, Daniela; Mazan, Melissa R.; Hoffman, Andrew M.

doi:10.2460/ajvr.73.1.146

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…In the present study, the decreased fraction of macrophages in TW and BAL from diseased camels is in line with reports from other species, including human (Rose & Knox, 2007), horses (Rossi et al, 2018), cattle (Kokotovic, Friis & Ahrens, 2007, and alpaca (Pacheco, Mazan & Hoffman, 2012). The lower frequency of macrophages in diseased animals may be a result of the increased accumulation of neutrophils in the respiratory secretions.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Similar to their distribution in healthy horses (Malikides et al, 2003), neutrophils were found in higher proportions in TW than in BAL fluids from healthy camels. The increased fraction of neutrophils in TW and BAL fluids from camels with respiratory diseases is also in line with findings in respiratory diseased horses (Rossi et al, 2018), donkeys (Shawaf, 2019), cattle (Kokotovic, Friis & Ahrens, 2007), and alpaca (Pacheco, Mazan & Hoffman, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…The early diagnosis of respiratory disorders is a key factor for choosing specific treatment to prevent disease progression and chronic lung disease (Intisar et al, 2009;Intisar et al, 2010a;Intisar et al, 2010b;Kebedi, 2010). Tracheal wash (TW) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) are valuable tools widely used for the investigation of the respiratory tract in human (Rose & Knox, 2007), horses (Orard et al, 2016), cattle (Pringle et al, 1988;Abutarbush et al, 2019;Kokotovic, Friis & Ahrens, 2007), sheep (Katsoulos et al, 2009), pigs (Weissenbacher-Lang et al, 2016), alpaca (Pacheco, Mazan & Hoffman, 2012), dogs (Creevy, 2009;Zhu, Johnson & Vernau, 2015), and cats (Lin et al, 2015). TW and BAL samples are valuable mirrors of different areas of the airways and can be used in combination with other methods for the diagnosis of lower respiratory tract inflammation (Malikides et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cytological analysis of tracheal wash and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in health and respiratory disease in dromedary camels

Shawaf

Al-Mubarak

Alhumam

et al. 2021

PeerJ

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Background Tracheal wash (TW) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) have proven to be useful tools for the identification of disease-associated changes in the respiratory tract in human and different animal species. In the dromedary camel, little is known about cytological analysis of TW and BAL in health and disease. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cytological composition of TW and BAL in health and respiratory disease in dromedary camels. Methods TW and BAL samples were collected from dromedary camels and cytological analysis was performed by microscopic examination of prepared smears. Camels with clinical respiratory disease (n = 18) were compared with apparently healthy (control) camels (n = 9). Results In the apparently healthy camels, differential cytological analysis of TW samples identified macrophages and neutrophils as the main cell populations with lesser proportions of lymphocytes and epithelial cells and very rare abundance of eosinophils and mast cells. In the TW of camels with respiratory disease, neutrophils were the most abundant cells followed by macrophages and lymphocytes. In the BAL of healthy camels, macrophages represented the main cell type followed by lymphocytes and neutrophils. In respiratory-diseased camels, BAL samples contained higher percentages of neutrophils with reduced percentages of macrophages and lymphocytes in comparison to camels from the control group. Collectively, the results of the current study revealed higher abundance of neutrophils in the TW and BAL from dromedary camels than many other veterinary species. The cytological patterns of TW and BAL from camels with respiratory diseases were characterized by increased proportion of neutrophils and decreased proportion of macrophages in comparison to healthy camels. The proportion of lymphocytes was also decreased in TW samples from diseased camels.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cytological analysis of tracheal wash and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in health and respiratory disease in dromedary camels

Shawaf

Al-Mubarak

Alhumam

et al. 2021

PeerJ

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“…In camels with respiratory disease, BALF samples contained higher total immune cell numbers than healthy camels, which is similar to findings in respiratory diseased cattle and horses [15,22,[60][61][62]. Similarly, the decrease in macrophages with expansion in the fraction of granulocytes is also in line with findings in respiratory diseased cattle [21], horses [14,60], donkeys [61], and other camelids [24]. Although the proportion of the total lymphocyte population in camel BALF was not affected by respiratory disease, BALF samples from diseased camels contained higher percentages of CD4+ T cells and B cells, than healthy animals.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Cytological, microbiological, and immunological evaluation of BALF enables the detection of subclinical respiratory disease and the identification of the severity grade, and stage of inflammatory reactions in the respiratory tract [ 18 , 19 ]. BALF has been proven as a valuable sample for investigating tissue resident immune cells in the respiratory tract of several species including mankind [ 17 ], horses [ 20 ], cattle [ 21 , 22 ], sheep [ 23 ], alpaca [ 24 ], pigs [ 25 ], dogs [ 26 , 27 ], and cats [ 28 ]. Also in the dromedary camel, the BAL procedure has been recently used for the collection of samples for cytological analysis [ 29 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune cell composition of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in healthy and respiratory diseased dromedary camels

2022

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Background Respiratory diseases are among the most common and expensive to treat diseases in camels with a great economic impact on camel health, welfare, and production. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) has been proven as a valuable sample for investigating the leukocyte populations in the respiratory tract of several species. In the present study, fluorescent antibody labeling and flow cytometry were used to study the immune cell composition of BALF in dromedary camels. Animals with clinical respiratory diseases (n = seven) were compared with apparently healthy animals (n = 10). In addition, blood leukocytes from the same animals were stained in parallel with the same antibodies and analyzed by flow cytometry. Results Camel BALF macrophages, granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes were identified based on their forward and side scatter properties. The expression pattern of the cell markers CD172a, CD14, CD163, and MHCII molecules on BALF cells indicates a similar phenotype for camel, bovine, and porcine BALF myeloid cells. The comparison between camels with respiratory disease and healthy camels regarding cellular composition in their BALF revealed a higher total cell count, a higher fraction of granulocytes, and a lower fraction of macrophages in diseased than healthy camels. Within the lymphocyte population, the percentages of helper T cells and B cells were also higher in diseased than healthy camels. The elevated expression of the activation marker CD11a on helper T cells of diseased camels is an indication of the expansion of helper T cells population due to infection and exposure to respiratory pathogens. The higher abundance of MHCII molecules on BALF macrophages from diseased camels indicates a polarization toward an inflammatory macrophage phenotype (M1) in respiratory diseased camels. No significant differences were observed in the systemic leukogram between healthy and diseased animals. Conclusions Collectively, the current study represents the first report on flow cytometric analysis of immune cell composition of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in dromedary camels.

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Camelids

Tornquist¹,

Cebra²,

Henriksen³

2020

Veterinary Cytology

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Respiratory mechanics and results of cytologic examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in healthy adult alpacas

Abstract: Pulmonary function testing was tolerated well in nonsedated untrained alpacas. Bronchoalveolar lavage in alpacas yielded samples with adequate cellularity that had a greater abundance of neutrophils than has been reported in horses.

Cited by 8 publications

References 46 publications

Cytological analysis of tracheal wash and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in health and respiratory disease in dromedary camels

Cytological analysis of tracheal wash and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in health and respiratory disease in dromedary camels

Immune cell composition of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in healthy and respiratory diseased dromedary camels

Camelids

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