Respiratory rhythm generation and pattern formation: oscillators and network mechanisms

Ghali, Michael George Zaki

doi:10.31083/j.jin.2019.04.188

Cited by 29 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 516 publications

(587 reference statements)

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“…How the neuronal network in the posterior MG and ACINs autonomously expresses alternating tail beats with a ~20-s cycle period is an interesting question. In mammalian brain-slice preparations, "autonomous" rhythm-generating neural circuits have been found, including motor pattern/rhythm centers for breathing such as medullary preBötzinger and Bötzinger complexes (Smith et al, 1991;Koshiya and Smith, 1999;Ghali, 2019).…”

Section: The Mid-piece Of the Ciona Larva Expresses An Autonomous Cycle Period Of Tail Beating Burstsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An autonomous tail-beating cycle period expressed by a region- specific swimming pattern generator in theCionalarva

Hara

Hasegawa

Iwatani

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Swimming locomotion in aquatic vertebrates, such as fish and tadpoles, is expressed through orchestrated operations of central pattern generators. These parallel neuronal circuits are ubiquitously distributed and mutually coupled along the spinal cord to express undulation patterns accommodated to efferent and afferent inputs. While such sets of schemes have been shown in vertebrates, the evolutionary origin of those mechanisms along the chordate phylogeny remains unclear. Ascidians, representing a sister group of vertebrates, give rise to tadpole larvae that freely swim in seawater. In this study, we tried to locate the swimming pattern generator in larvae of the ascidian Ciona by examining locomotor ability of segmented body fragments. Our experiments demonstrated necessary and sufficient pattern generator activity in a short region (~10% of the body length as the longest estimation) including the trunk-tail junction but excluding most of the trunk and tail with major sensory apparatuses therein. Moreover, we found that these "mid-piece" body fragments express periodic tail beating bursts with ~20-s intervals without any exogenous stimuli. Comparisons among temporal patterns of tail beating bursts expressed by the mid-piece fragments and by whole larvae placed under different sensory conditions suggested that the presence of parts other than the critical mid-piece had effects to shorten swimming burst intervals, especially in the dark, and also to expand the variance in burst durations. We propose that Ciona larvae perform swimming as modified representations of autonomous and periodic pattern generator drives, which operate locally in the region of the trunk-tail junction.

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Section: The Mid-piece Of the Ciona Larva Expresses An Autonomous Cycle Period Of Tail Beating Burstsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An autonomous tail-beating cycle period expressed by a region- specific swimming pattern generator in theCionalarva

Hara

Hasegawa

Iwatani

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…In the current study all ocular and brain cell types and tissues exhibited easily detectable ACE2 receptor signals, and in agreement with previous reports underscore the ubiquitous nature of ACE2 receptor expression throughout the human visual system and CNS (Figures 1 and 2) [5,6,24].Importantly, and as indicatedin previous studies,negative controls, yeast and microbial RNA controls,synthetic homoribonucleotide polymers and random oligonucleotides showed no expression of the ACE2 receptormRNA [6]. The highest expression of ACE2 mRNA in the brain was found in the brainstem region known as the pons, situated anterior to the cerebellum between the midbrain and medulla oblongata, and an important relay center known to conduct signals from the cerebrum,through to the cerebellum and medulla oblongata,including ber tracts that involve the transmission ofvisual sensory signals into the thalamus [36,37].The pons is known to contain neural circuits that deal primarily with the regulation of respiration, taste (aguesia), audition, saccadic eye movement, facial sensation and expression and equilibrium,all of which are known to be affected or disrupted in COVID-19 disease [7,17,24,25,[36][37][38]. The respiratory tract connects to the brain without the protection of a blood-brain barrier, and that SARS-CoV-2 might in the early invasive phase attack the cardiorespiratory regulatory nodes located in the pons and medulla oblongata, giving rise to both respiratory and cardiac disruption is also commonly observed in COVID-19 patients [25,[38][39].The highest expression of the ACE2 receptor protein in the ocular cells and brain tissues involved in visual signaling and examined in this study were found in ocular choroid broblasts andretinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, a monolayer of pigmented cells of neuro-ectodermal origin situated between the neurosensory retina and the choroid that nourishes the visual photoreceptor cells.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Importantly, and as indicated in previous studies, negative controls, yeast and microbial RNA controls, synthetic homo-ribonucleotide polymers and random oligonucleotides showed no expression of the ACE2 receptor mRNA [ 6 ]. The highest expression of ACE2 mRNA in the brain was found in the brainstem region known as the pons, situated anterior to the cerebellum between the midbrain and medulla oblongata, and an important relay center known to conduct signals from the cerebrum, through to the cerebellum and medulla oblongata, including fiber tracts that involve the transmission of visual sensory signals into the thalamus [ 36 , 37 ]. The pons is known to contain neural circuits that deal primarily with the regulation of respiration, taste (aguesia), audition, saccadic eye movement, facial sensation and expression and equilibrium, all of which are known to be affected or disrupted in COVID-19 disease [ 7 , 17 , 24 , 25 , 36 – 38 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) Expression in the Visual System

Hill

Clément

Arceneaux

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: Multiple lines of evidence currently indicate that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)gains entry into human host cells via a high-affinity interaction with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) transmembrane receptor. Research has further shown the widespread expression of the ACE2 receptor on the surface of many different immune, non-immune and neural host cell types, and that SARS-CoV-2 has there markable capability to attack many different types of human-host cells simultaneously. One principal neuroanatomical region for highACE2 expression patterns occurs in the brainstem, an area of the brain containing regulatory centers for respiration, and this may in part explain the predisposition of many COVID-19 patients to respiratory distress. Early studies also indicated extensive ACE2 expression in the whole eye and the brain’s visual circuitry. In this study we analyzed ACE2 receptor expression at the mRNA and protein level in multiple cell types involved in human vision, including cell types of the external eye and several deep brain regions known to be involved in the processing of visual signals.Methods: ACE2 mRNA and protein analysis; multiple eye and brain cells and tissues; gamma32P-adenosine tri-phosphate ([γ-32P]dATP) radiolabeled probes; Northern analysis; ELISA.Results: The four main findings were: (i)that many different optical and neural cell types of the human visual system provide receptors essential for SARS-CoV-2 invasion; (ii)the remarkable ubiquity of ACE2 presence in cells of the eye and anatomical regions of the brain involved in visual signal processing; (iii)that ACE2 receptor expression in different ocular cell types and visual processing centers of the brain provide multiple compartments for SARS-CoV-2 infiltration; and (iv)a gradient of increasing ACE2 expression from the anterior surface of the eye to the visual signal processing areas of the occipital lobe and the primary visual neocortex.Conclusion: A gradient of ACE2 expression from the eye surface to the occipital lobe provide the SARS-CoV-2 virus a novel pathway from the outer eye into deeper anatomical regions of the brain involved in vision. These findings may explain, in part, the many recently reported neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of SARS-CoV-2infection in COVID-19 affected patients.

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“…Preinspiration comes from a nucleus of the brain stem, the pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC). This contains about 20% of autonomous depolarization activity (pacemaker) and is probably due to a balanced interchange of cationic currents between calcium and sodium [20, 21]. The preBötC neurons implement a ramp-like depolarization, for a maximum of 100–400 ms (preinspiratory phase), before carrying out the impulse of the active inspiration, or the second phase of the eupneic cycle [22].…”

Section: The Respiratory Neural Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The inspiratory phase begins when the preBötC reaches a complete depolarization of its neurons, about 13% of which are able to synchronize the neurons of the contralateral preBötC [19]. The ramp-like depolarization and complete depolarization of the preBötC are modulated by various central information areas (cerebellum, midbrain, cortical and subcortical centers), as well as by peripheral afferents monitoring quantity of blood oxygen, along with mechanical changes in the lungs and large vessels [21]. In the inspiratory phase, the preBötC continues with the stimulation of the cranial nerve XII, starting to stimulate the premotor neurons and the medullary phrenic motor neurons (from C 1 to C 5 ).…”

Section: The Respiratory Neural Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Importance of the Posterolateral Area of the Diaphragm Muscle for Palpation and for the Treatment of Manual Osteopathic Medicine

Bordoni

Walkowski²,

Escher

et al. 2021

Complement Med Res

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The eupneic act in healthy subjects involves a coordinated combination of functional anatomy and neurological activation. Neurologically, a central pattern generator, the components of which are distributed between the brainstem and the spinal cord, are hypothesized to drive the process and are modeled mathematically. A functionally anatomical approach is easier to understand although just as complex. Osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) is part of osteopathic medicine, which has many manual techniques to approach the human body, trying to improve the patient’s homeostatic response. The principle on which OMT is based is the stimulation of self-healing processes, researching the intrinsic physiological mechanisms of the person, taking into consideration not only the physical aspect, but also the emotional one and the context in which the patient lives. This article reviews how the diaphragm muscle moves, with a brief discussion on anatomy and the respiratory neural network. The goal is to highlight the critical issues of OMT on the correct positioning of the hands on the posterolateral area of the diaphragm around the diaphragm, trying to respect the existing scientific anatomical-physiological data, and laying a solid foundation for improving the data obtainable from future research. The correctness of the position of the operator’s hands in this area allows a more effective palpatory perception and, consequently, a probably more incisive result on the respiratory function.

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Respiratory rhythm generation and pattern formation: oscillators and network mechanisms

Abstract: J o u r n a l o f I n t e g r a t i v e N e u r o s c i e n c e

Cited by 29 publications

References 516 publications

An autonomous tail-beating cycle period expressed by a region- specific swimming pattern generator in theCionalarva

An autonomous tail-beating cycle period expressed by a region- specific swimming pattern generator in theCionalarva

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) Expression in the Visual System

The Importance of the Posterolateral Area of the Diaphragm Muscle for Palpation and for the Treatment of Manual Osteopathic Medicine

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