Respiratory Safety Evaluation in Mice and Inhibition of Adenoviral Amplification in Human Bronchial Endothelial Cells Using a Novel Type of Chlorine Dioxide Gas Reactor

Abstract

Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a growing demand for effective and safe disinfectants. A novel use of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas, which can satisfy such demand, has been reported. However, its efficacy and safety remain unclear. For the safe use of this gas, the stable release of specific concentrations is a must. A new type of ClO2 generator called Dr.CLOTM has recently been introduced. This study aimed to investigate: (1) the effects of Dr.CLOTM on inhibiting adenoviral amplification on human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells; and (2) the acute inhalation safety of using Dr.CLOTM in animal models. After infecting HBE cells with a recombinant adenovirus, the inhibitory power of Dr.CLOTM on the virus was expressed as IFU/mL in comparison with the control group. The safety of ClO2 gas was indirectly predicted using mice by measuring single-dose inhalation toxicity in specially designed chambers. Dr.CLOTM was found to evaporate in a very constant concentration range at 0–0.011 ppm/m3 for 42 days. In addition, 36–100% of adenoviral amplification was suppressed by Dr.CLOTM, depending on the conditions. The LC50 of ClO2 gas to mice was approximately 68 ppm for males and 141 ppm for females. Histopathological evaluation showed that the lungs of female mice were more resistant to the toxicity from higher ClO2 gas concentrations than those of male mice. Taken together, these results indicate that Dr.CLOTM can be used to provide a safe indoor environment due to its technology that maintains the stable concentration and release of ClO2 gas, which could suppress viral amplification and may prevent viral infections.

Evaluation of antimicrobial efficacies of chlorine dioxide gas released into the air towards pathogens present on the surfaces of inanimate objects

“…Recently, the public demands for application of ClO 2 gas as a safe and effective disinfectant for disinfection of air in indoor facilities have been increased [ 3 ]. Furthermore, the efficacy of ClO 2 gas against multiple microorganisms and its safety against mice have been demonstrated [ 27 , 33 ]. Sanekata et al.…”

“…Although applications of ozone and ClO 2 for prevention of aerosol infection and transmission to susceptible hosts are both practical methods in room air, ClO 2 is sufficiently more effective against aerosol infections when compared to ozone [ 20 ]. However, the effective concentration of ClO 2 gas and its required duration of activity against various type of microorganisms under different conditions along with its safety towards different animal species still remains unknown [ 33 ]. It is worth noting that the tested species of microorganisms in this study are important poultry pathogens responsible for common diseases such as Newcastle disease, Infectious bronchitis, colibacillosis, and salmonellosis.…”