Respiratory syncytial virus acute respiratory infection‐associated hospitalizations in preterm Mexican infants: A cohort study

Abstract

Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of severe acute respiratory infections (ARI) in preterm infants. The incidence of RSV‐associated hospitalizations has not been defined in Mexico. Objectives To determine the incidence of ARI‐ and RSV‐associated hospitalizations in preterm infants during the first year of life. Methods Prospective cohort study of 294 preterm infants followed up through monthly telephone calls and routine outpatient visits. Hospitalized children were identified through daily visits to pediatric wards of participating hospitals and through telephone calls. Respiratory samples were tested for RSV by RT‐PCR. Results Mean gestational age of participating infants was 33 weeks. Ninety‐six infants were diagnosed with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and 17 with congenital heart disease (CHD); 11 had both conditions. There were 71 hospitalization episodes in 53 infants. Respiratory samples for RSV detection were available in 44 hospitalization episodes, and the result was positive in 16 (36.3%). At least one hospitalization for ARI was recorded in 33 of 96 participants with BPD, in seven of 17 with CHD, and 18 of 192 infants without these diagnoses. Five (71.4%) of CHD infants who required admission also had BPD. RSV‐confirmed hospitalization rates were 9.4%, 5.9%, and 2.6% for infants with BPD, CHD, and otherwise healthy preterm infants, respectively. Attributable RSV admission frequencies were estimated to be 13.6%, 16.5%, and 4.1%, respectively. Conclusions Mexican preterm infants, particularly those with BPD, have high rates of ARI‐ and RSVassociated hospitalizations. Specific interventions to reduce the incidence of severe infections in this highrisk group are required.

Effectiveness of palivizumab immunoprophylaxis in infants with respiratory syncytial virus disease in Colombia

“…The mortality in infants with risk factors was greater (6.6%) in comparison with that of infants without risk factors (2.3%) [9]. In another recent Mexican study of a cohort of 294 preterm infants, the RSV admission frequencies were estimated to be 13.6% in BPD, 16.5% in CHD, and 4.1% in otherwise healthy preterm infants [19]. In another study, children with risk factors such as premature birth, a pre-existing respiratory disease, or CDH, have higher morbimortality if coinfected with adenovirus (RSV mortality of 1.1% and 2.7% in coinfection with adenovirus) [10].…”

Murine Neonatal Oxidant Lung Injury: NRF2-Dependent Predisposition to Adulthood Respiratory Viral Infection and Protection by Maternal Antioxidant

“…Infants with BPD had increased risk of severe RSV disease relative to those without BPD [ 28 , 29 ]. Furthermore, low gestational age (<32 wk) and low birth weight (<1500 g) are critical risk factors for infant RSV hospitalization [ 30 , 43 , 44 , 45 ]. Consistent with these clinical observations, we found that young adult mice that were exposed to hyperoxia at the saccular stage of neonatal lung development carried on persistent lung injury including impaired alveoli and focal fibrotic changes and predisposed to more severe RSV disease.…”

COVID-19 Pathology on Various Organs and Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell-Based Interventions

“…The virus can cause its effects on the cardiac system through different ways of direct infection, binding to the functional receptors of ACE2, and immune damage. Cardiomyocyte infection by COVID-19 following by virus replication can lead to tissue degeneration, necrosis ( Benítez-Guerra et al, 2020 ), and apoptosis ( Heffernan et al, 2020 ). Indeed, the viral infection of COVID-19 can cause extracellular matrix remodeling leading to the production of fibrotic scars.…”

“…The cardiac damage measured by increased levels of high-sensitivity troponin I has been mentioned to be found in about 20% of COVID-19 patients ( Heffernan et al, 2020 ). Besides cardiac troponin I, increased levels of other laboratory cardiac markers have been seen in patients, such as higher levels of CK, creatine kinase-muscle/brain activity, myoglobin, alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (α-HBDH), N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and AST ( Benítez-Guerra et al, 2020 ). Cardiac markers are stated to be instrumental in cardiac damage diagnosis.…”