Respiratory syncytial virus entry mechanism in host cells: A general overview

Cadena‐Cruz, C.; Villarreal Camacho, J. L.; De Ávila‐Arias, Marcio; Hurtado‐Gomez, Leidy; Rodriguez, Alexander; San‐Juan‐Vergara, Homero

doi:10.1111/mmi.15133

Cited by 5 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 98 publications

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“…The glycoprotein (G) and fusion protein (F) play a crucial role in RSV attachment and entry into the cell; while the G protein binds to a receptor on the cell surface, the F protein interacts with the cell membrane, and its transition from pre- to post-fusion form allows viral entry [ 50 ]. ICAM-1 has been proposed as one of the F protein receptor candidates [ 51 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Mechanisms of N-Acetylcysteine in RSV Infections and Air Pollution-Induced Alterations: A Scoping Review

Wrotek,

Badyda,

Jackowska

2024

IJMS

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N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a mucolytic agent with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most important etiological factors of lower respiratory tract infections, and exposure to air pollution appears to be additionally associated with higher RSV incidence and disease severity. We aimed to systematically review the existing literature to determine which molecular mechanisms mediate the effects of NAC in an RSV infection and air pollution, and to identify the knowledge gaps in this field. A search for original studies was carried out in three databases and a calibrated extraction grid was used to extract data on the NAC treatment (dose, timing), the air pollutant type, and the most significant mechanisms. We identified only 28 studies conducted in human cellular models (n = 18), animal models (n = 7), and mixed models (n = 3). NAC treatment improves the barrier function of the epithelium damaged by RSV and air pollution, and reduces the epithelial permeability, protecting against viral entry. NAC may also block RSV-activated phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which promotes endocytosis and facilitates cell entry. EGFR also enhances the release of a mucin gene, MUC5AC, which increases mucus viscosity and causes goblet cell metaplasia; the effects are abrogated by NAC. NAC blocks virus release from the infected cells, attenuates the cigarette smoke-induced shift from necrosis to apoptosis, and reverses the block in IFN-γ-induced antiviral gene expression caused by the inhibited Stat1 phosphorylation. Increased synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines is induced by both RSV and air pollutants and is mediated by the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways that are activated in response to oxidative stress. MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) and RANTES (regulated upon activation, expressed and secreted by normal T cells) partially mediate airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), and therapeutic (but not preventive) NAC administration reduces the inflammatory response and has been shown to reduce ozone-induced AHR. Oxidative stress-induced DNA damage and cellular senescence, observed during RSV infection and exposure to air pollution, can be partially reversed by NAC administration, while data on the emphysema formation are disputed. The review identified potential common molecular mechanisms of interest that are affected by NAC and may alleviate both the RSV infection and the effects of air pollution. Data are limited and gaps in knowledge include the optimal timing or dosage of NAC administration, therefore future studies should clarify these uncertainties and verify its practical use.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Mechanisms of N-Acetylcysteine in RSV Infections and Air Pollution-Induced Alterations: A Scoping Review

Wrotek,

Badyda,

Jackowska

2024

IJMS

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Vaccine and therapeutic agents against the respiratory syncytial virus: resolved and unresolved issue

Li,

et al. 2024

MedComm

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Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a predominant pathogen responsible for respiratory tract infections among infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. In recent years, significant progress has been made in innovative vaccines and therapeutic agents targeting RSV. Nevertheless, numerous challenges and bottlenecks persist in the prevention and treatment of RSV infections. This review will provide an overview of the resolved and unresolved issues surrounding the development of vaccines and therapeutic agents against RSV. As of September 2024, three RSV vaccines against acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) have been approved globally. Additionally, there have been notable progress in the realm of passive immunoprophylactic antibodies, with the monoclonal antibody nirsevimab receiving regulatory approval for the prevention of RSV infections in infants. Furthermore, a variety of RSV therapeutic agents are currently under clinical investigation, with the potential to yield breakthrough advancements in the foreseeable future. This review delineates the advancements and challenges faced in vaccines and therapeutic agents targeting RSV. It aims to provide insights that will guide the development of effective preventive and control measures for RSV.

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Structure-guided design of a trivalent nanobody cluster targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein

Jiang,

Qin,

Zhu

et al. 2024

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules

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Respiratory syncytial virus entry mechanism in host cells: A general overview

Cited by 5 publications

References 98 publications

Molecular Mechanisms of N-Acetylcysteine in RSV Infections and Air Pollution-Induced Alterations: A Scoping Review

Molecular Mechanisms of N-Acetylcysteine in RSV Infections and Air Pollution-Induced Alterations: A Scoping Review

Vaccine and therapeutic agents against the respiratory syncytial virus: resolved and unresolved issue

Structure-guided design of a trivalent nanobody cluster targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein

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