Respiratory toxicities from stimulant use

Albertson, Timothy E; Walby, William F.

doi:10.1007/bf02737699

Cited by 7 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 151 publications

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“…Higher purity may also foster drug consumption. For example, higher heroin purity has made it possible to snort or smoke rather than inject the drug, leading possibly to increased numbers of users [4–6]; similarly, methamphetamine of high purity lends itself to smoking, a route of administration with increased risk for dependency and thus accelerated use [7–9]. Beyond this, higher drug purity is considered to be an indicator of higher levels of drug supply, because traffickers often dilute drugs when facing supply shortages [10–12] (note that diluents, compared to drugs themselves, appear to play a relatively small role in engendering health problems [3,13,14]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of US and Canadian precursor regulation on methamphetamine purity in the United States

2009

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US precursor regulations targeting large-scale producers were associated with substantial decreases in continental US methamphetamine purity, while regulations targeting over-the-counter medications had little or no impact. Canada's essential chemical regulation was also associated with a decrease in continental US purity. However, Canada's precursor regulations were associated with purity increases: these regulations may have impacted primarily producers of lower-quality methamphetamine, leaving higher-purity methamphetamine on the market by default. Hawaii's well-known preference for 'ice' (high-purity methamphetamine) may have helped to constrain purity there to a high, attenuated range, possibly limiting its sensitivity to precursor regulation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of US and Canadian precursor regulation on methamphetamine purity in the United States

2009

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Stimulants and the Lung

Tseng

Sutter

Albertson

2013

Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol

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Illicit stimulants, such as cocaine, amphetamine, and their derivatives (e.g., "ecstasy"), continue to exact heavy toll on health care in both developed and developing countries. The US Department of Health and Human Service reported over one million illicit drug-related emergency department visits in 2010, which was higher than any of the six previous years. Both inhaled and intravenous forms of these substances of abuse can result in a variety of acute and chronic injuries to practically every part of the respiratory tract, leading potentially to permanent morbidities as well as fatal consequences--including but not limited to nasal septum perforation, pulmonary hypertension, pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, interstitial lung disease, alveolar hemorrhage, reactive airway disease, pulmonary edema, pulmonary granulomatosis, infections, foreign body aspiration, infections, bronchoconstriction, and thermal injuries. Stimulants are all rapidly absorbed substances that can also significantly alter the patient's systemic acid-base balance and central nervous system, thereby leading to further respiratory compromise. Mounting evidence in the past decade has demonstrated that adulterants coinhaled with these substances (e.g., levamisole) and the metabolites of these substances (e.g., cocaethylene) are associated with specific forms of systemic and respiratory complications as well. Recent studies have also demonstrated the effects of stimulants on autoimmune-mediated injuries of the respiratory tract, such as cocaine-induced midline destructive lesions. A persistent challenge to studies involving stimulant-associated respiratory toxidromes is the high prevalence of concomitant usage of various substances by drug abusers, including tobacco smoking. Now more than ever, health care providers must be familiar with the multitude of respiratory toxidromes as well as the diverse pathophysiology related to commonly abused stimulants to provide timely diagnosis and effective treatment.

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Substance abuse: routes, hazards and body packing

Vale¹

2007

Medicine

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Respiratory toxicities from stimulant use

Cited by 7 publications

References 151 publications

Impact of US and Canadian precursor regulation on methamphetamine purity in the United States

Impact of US and Canadian precursor regulation on methamphetamine purity in the United States

Stimulants and the Lung

Substance abuse: routes, hazards and body packing

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