Respiratory tract infections in Inuit children: "Set thine house in order"

Orr, Pamela

doi:10.1503/cmaj.070811

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…According to Wieringa et al, “using indicators of micronutrient status without considering the effects of the acute phase response results in a distorted estimate of micronutrient deficiencies, whose extent depends on the prevalence of infection in the population” [ 34 ]. We found that a quarter of our participants had an elevated CRP level confirming the high infection rate observed in many Canadian Inuit children [ 8 ]. However, the prevalence of inflammation observed in the present study was probably greater than revealed due to the fact that CRP detects acute inflammation while α 1-acid glycoprotein, not measured in our participants, better detects chronic inflammation [ 7 , 9 , 35 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…One approach to ensure a more accurate assessment of iron status is to measure an acute phase protein such as C-reactive protein or α 1-acid glycoprotein and exclude persons with inflammation from the analysis [ 5 , 6 ]. This approach can potentially underestimate the prevalence of ID [ 7 ] and can also be impracticable where the prevalence of inflammation is extensive [ 7 ], such as in Canadian Inuit children [ 8 ]. A higher cutoff value for SF, extending the normal 12–15 μ g/L limit to 30–50 μ g/L, has also been used in the presence of inflammation [ 9 , 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using Soluble Transferrin Receptor and Taking Inflammation into Account When Defining Serum Ferritin Cutoffs Improved the Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency in a Group of Canadian Preschool Inuit Children from Nunavik

O’Brien

Blanchet

Gagné³

et al. 2016

Anemia

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The prevalence of iron depletion, iron deficient erythropoiesis (IDE), and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) was assessed in preschool Inuit children using soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) and traditional indicators of iron status while disregarding or taking inflammation into account when defining SF cutoffs. Iron depletion was defined as follows: (1) SF < 15 μg/L regardless of the C-reactive protein (CRP) level and (2) SF < 15 or <50 μg/L with CRP ≤ 5 or >5 mg/L, respectively. IDE corresponded to iron depletion combined with total iron binding capacity > 72 μmol/L and/or transferrin saturation < 16%. Iron depletion and IDE affected almost half of the children when accounting for inflammation, compared to one-third when the SF cutoff was defined regardless of CRP level (P < 0.0001). The prevalence of IDE adjusted for inflammation (45.1%) was very similar to the prevalence observed when sTfR was used as a sole marker of IDE (47.4%). The prevalence of anemia was 15%. The prevalence of IDA (IDE + hemoglobin < 110 g/L) was higher when accounting for than when disregarding inflammation (8.0% versus 6.2%, P = 0.083). Using sTfR and different SF cutoffs for children with versus without inflammation improved the diagnosis of iron depletion and IDE. Our results confirm that Inuit children are at particularly high risk for iron deficiency.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Soluble Transferrin Receptor and Taking Inflammation into Account When Defining Serum Ferritin Cutoffs Improved the Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency in a Group of Canadian Preschool Inuit Children from Nunavik

O’Brien

Blanchet

Gagné³

et al. 2016

Anemia

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“…In particular, tuberculosis has long been linked to residential crowding in the health literature, with recent ecological studies confirming this link using aggregate level data from Sao Paolo, Brazil (Antunes & Waldman 2001), and the UK (Elender, et al, 1998;Hawker, et al, 1999). In the Arctic, tuberculosis outbreaks and lower respiratory infections have also repeatedly been associated with the residential crowding of Inuit Kovesi, et al, 2007;Orr, 2007;Young & Mollins, 1996). international comparisons, it becomes clear that the North American average (approximately 0.5 persons per room) is the exception rather than the rule.…”

Section: Ppr: a Universal Biologically Ingrained Definition Of Crowdingmentioning

confidence: 94%

Culture as a problem in linking material inequality to health: On residential crowding in the Arctic

Lauster

Tester

2010

Health & Place

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Two problems are noted in the process of measuring material inequality and linking it to health across cultural boundaries. First, comparative measurements may be used as the basis for policy making, which ends up disciplining cultural minorities. In this way, policies intended to relieve disparities can actually have the effect of extending the power of the dominant group to define appropriate cultural understanding of the world for the minority group. Second, comparative measurements may inaccurately inform theories of how inequality works to influence health and well-being. To the extent that culture mediates the relationship between inequality and outcomes of interest to researchers, those ignoring cultural differences will fail to adequately assess the impact and significance of material inequality. In this paper we discuss and illustrate these problems with reference to the study and measurement of overcrowding and its effects on health and well-being for Inuit communities in Nunavut, Canada.

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“…In particular, their reports and studies have shed light upon how chronic shortages of adequate shelter in northern communities exacerbate the stress of poverty, socio‐cultural upheaval, as well as vulnerability due to a reliance on government for social welfare and housing provision. Housing needs in northern communities may be associated with poor mental health, respiratory problems, domestic violence, and social strain (Clark et al 2002; Tester 2006, 2009; Kovesi et al 2007; Orr 2007). In Alaska, homelessness among Aboriginal people in Anchorage has been linked to experiences of social disruption attributed to colonization, as well as to relocation efforts that took place as part of the Alaskan settlement process (Travis 1991).…”

Section: Situating Homelessness In the Northwest Territories Canadamentioning

confidence: 99%

“They want a different life”: Rural northern settlement dynamics and pathways to homelessness in Yellowknife and Inuvik, Northwest Territories

Christensen

2012

Canadian Geographies / Géographies canadiennes

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Visible homelessness in the Northwest Territories, Canada is often described as a recent phenomenon by policy makers and the popular media alike. Indeed, since the late 1990s, homeless shelters in Yellowknife and Inuvik report a steady increase in demand for beds and other support for homeless people. Homelessness in these two communities disproportionately affects Aboriginal northerners, however little is known about their individual pathways to homelessness. Moreover, homelessness in the Northwest Territories is often portrayed as an issue confined to larger “urbanizing” regional centres, yet many homeless Aboriginal northerners have originated from small, rural settlement communities. Despite this, little concern has been paid to how factors at the small community level intersect with more visible forms of homelessness in larger, urban centres, not to mention how these intersections shape a territorial geography of homelessness. In this article, I aim to uncover and explore the often hidden factors at the northern rural settlement level that ultimately contribute to more visible forms of homelessness in northern urban centres. I suggest that uneven and fragmented social, institutional, and economic geographies result in a unique landscape of vulnerability to homelessness in the Northwest Territories. This geography emerges through the production of particular dynamics between rural settlement communities and northern urban centres. In particular, four main factors represent these rural‐urban dynamics: 1) the attractions of opportunity in northern urban centres; 2) rural settlement‐urban institutional flows; 3) chronic housing need in the settlements; and, 4) disintegrating social relationships in the settlements. I explore the particular ways in which these factors influence rural‐urban migration among the homeless population and what roles this mobility plays in individual pathways to homelessness.

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Respiratory tract infections in Inuit children: "Set thine house in order"

Cited by 3 publications

References 10 publications

Using Soluble Transferrin Receptor and Taking Inflammation into Account When Defining Serum Ferritin Cutoffs Improved the Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency in a Group of Canadian Preschool Inuit Children from Nunavik

Using Soluble Transferrin Receptor and Taking Inflammation into Account When Defining Serum Ferritin Cutoffs Improved the Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency in a Group of Canadian Preschool Inuit Children from Nunavik

Culture as a problem in linking material inequality to health: On residential crowding in the Arctic

“They want a different life”: Rural northern settlement dynamics and pathways to homelessness in Yellowknife and Inuvik, Northwest Territories

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