Respiratory viruses are continuously detected in children with chronic tonsillitis throughout the year

Proença-Módena, José Luiz; Buzatto, Guilherme Pietrucci; Paula, Flávia Escremim de; Saturno, T. H.; Delcaro, Luana; Prates, Mirela Cristina Moreira; Tamashiro, Edwin; Valera, Fabiana Cardoso Pereira; Arruda, Eurico; Anselmo‐Lima, Wilma Terezinha

doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.07.015

Cited by 26 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The present finding of IAV RNA detected by real-time RT-PCR in tonsil tissues from children with tonsillar hypertrophy in the absence of symptoms of ARI reiterates previous reports by our group (11,39). This real-time RT-PCR assay is sensitive enough to detect 10 copies of influenza RNA (11), and although rates of asymptomatic IAV infection vary considerably depending on study design and detection methods (40), the 6.8% IAV detection rate is similar to what has been reported by others in asymptomatic individuals tested by real-time RT-PCR (40,41).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Silent Infection of B and CD8 ⁺ T Lymphocytes by Influenza A Virus in Children with Tonsillar Hypertrophy

Castro

Jorge

Ferreri

et al. 2020

J Virol

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Influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause more than 2 million annual episodes of seasonal acute respiratory infections (ARI) and approximately 500,000 deaths worldwide. Depending on virus strain and host immune status, acute infections by IAV may reach sites other than the respiratory tract. In the present study, IAV RNA and antigens were searched for in tissues of palatine tonsils and adenoids removed from patients without ARI symptoms. A real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) screening revealed that 8 tissue samples from 7 patients out of 103 were positive for IAV. Positive samples were subjected to next-generation sequencing (NGS) and 3 of 8 tissues yielded complete IAV pH1N1 genomes, whereas in 5 samples, the PB1 gene was not fully assembled. Phylogenetic analysis placed tonsil-derived IAV in clusters clearly segregated from contemporaneous Brazilian viruses. Flow cytometry of dispersed tissue fragments and serial immunohistochemistry of paraffin-embedded sections of naturally infected biopsies indicated that CD20+ B lymphocytes, CD8+ T lymphocytes, and CD11c+ cells are susceptible to IAV infection. We sought to investigate whether these lymphoid tissues could be sites of viral replication and sources of viable virus particles. MDCK cells were inoculated with tissue lysates, enabling recovery of one IAV isolate confirmed by immunofluorescence, reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), and NGS. The data indicate that lymphoid tissues not only harbor expression of IAV proteins but also contain infectious virus. Asymptomatic long-term infection raises the possibility of IAV shedding from tonsils, which may have an impact on host-to-host transmission. IMPORTANCE Influenza A virus (IAV) infections are important threats to human health worldwide. Although extensively studied, some aspects of virus pathogenesis and tissue tropism remain unclear. Here, by different strategies, we describe the asymptomatic infection of human lymphoid organs by IAV in children. Our results indicate that IAV was not only detected and isolated from human tonsils but displayed unique genetic features in comparison with those of contemporaneous IAVs circulating in Brazil and detected in swabs and nasal washes. Inside the tissue microenvironment, immune cells were shown to be carrying IAV antigens, especially B and T CD8+ lymphocytes. Taken together, these results suggest that human lymphoid tissues can be sites of silent IAV infections with possible impact on virus shedding to the population.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Silent Infection of B and CD8 ⁺ T Lymphocytes by Influenza A Virus in Children with Tonsillar Hypertrophy

Castro

Jorge

Ferreri

et al. 2020

J Virol

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“…Although the pathogenesis of OME is not fully understood, there is evidence that adenoid may play an important role in this disease, either by mechanically impairing the Eustachian tube function, or by acting as a microbial reservoir for ascending infection to the middle ear [ 13 , 14 , 24 ]. Children are often exposed to pathogens that may chronically persist in tissues in the upper airways, especially in the adenoid and tonsils [ 13 , 14 , 25 , 26 ]. Thus, as the adenoid has an intimate anatomical relation with the Eustachian tube and ultimately to the middle ear, it is important to understand how the presence of microbes in the adenoid could lead to the development or persistence of OME in children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The pathogens profile in children with otitis media with effusion and adenoid hypertrophy

et al. 2017

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ObjectivesTo evaluate the presence of viruses and bacteria in middle ear and adenoids of patients with and without otitis media with effusion (OME).MethodsAdenoid samples and middle ear washes (MEW) were obtained from children with OME associated with adenoid hypertrophy undergoing adenoidectomy and tympanostomy, and compared to those obtained from patients undergoing cochlear implant surgery, as a control group. Specific DNA or RNA of 9 respiratory viruses (rhinovirus, influenza virus, picornavirus, syncytial respiratory virus, metapneumovirus, coronavirus, enterovirus, adenovirus and bocavirus) and 5 bacteria (S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus) were extracted and quantified by real-time PCR.Results37 OME and 14 cochlear implant children were included in the study. At the adenoid, virus and bacteria were similarly detected in both OME and control patients. At the middle ear washes, however, a higher prevalence of bacteria was observed in patients with OME (p = 0.01). S. pneumoniae (p = 0.01) and M. catarrhalis (p = 0.022) were the bacteria responsible for this difference. Although total virus detection was not statistically different from controls at the middle ear washes (p = 0.065), adenovirus was detected in higher proportions in adenoid samples of OME patients than controls (p = 0.019).ConclusionsDespite both OME and control patients presented similar rates of viruses and bacteria at the adenoid, children with OME presented higher prevalence of S. pneumonia, M. catarrhalis in middle ear and adenovirus in adenoids when compared to controls. These findings could suggest that these pathogens could contribute to the fluid persistence in the middle ear.

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“…Another study showed that HBoV DNA is rarely detected in respiratory samples of adult patients over 65 years of age with or without a respiratory tract infection (6). Other studies have shown HBoV DNA to be common in tonsillar tissue taken from children with hypertrophic tonsils (8). However, our patient was already intubated when BAL was performed, so the possibility of contamination by viruses colonizing the nasopharyngeal region can be ruled out.…”

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Fatal Primary Human Bocavirus Pneumonia in an Immunocompetent Adult

Ishiguro¹,

Hirota²,

Kobayashi

et al. 2020

Intern. Med.

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A 70-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital for dyspnea and a fever of 2 weeks duration. Chest imaging showed bilateral infiltration, and a rapid diagnostic test for influenza virus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Legionella spp. was negative. She was intubated and mechanically ventilated and underwent bronchoalveolar lavage. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid yielded no significant pathogens, and the multiplex polymerase chain reaction test was positive only for human bocavirus. Specific antibodies against significant pathogens were not increased in paired sera, so we diagnosed her with primary human bocavirus pneumonia.

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Respiratory viruses are continuously detected in children with chronic tonsillitis throughout the year

Abstract: Respiratory viruses are continuously highly detected during whole year, and without any clinical symptomatology, indicating that viral genome of some virus can persist in lymphoepithelial tissues of the upper respiratory tract.

Cited by 26 publications

References 39 publications

Silent Infection of B and CD8 ⁺ T Lymphocytes by Influenza A Virus in Children with Tonsillar Hypertrophy

Silent Infection of B and CD8 ⁺ T Lymphocytes by Influenza A Virus in Children with Tonsillar Hypertrophy

The pathogens profile in children with otitis media with effusion and adenoid hypertrophy

Fatal Primary Human Bocavirus Pneumonia in an Immunocompetent Adult

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Respiratory viruses are continuously detected in children with chronic tonsillitis throughout the year

Abstract: Respiratory viruses are continuously highly detected during whole year, and without any clinical symptomatology, indicating that viral genome of some virus can persist in lymphoepithelial tissues of the upper respiratory tract.

Cited by 26 publications

References 39 publications

Silent Infection of B and CD8 + T Lymphocytes by Influenza A Virus in Children with Tonsillar Hypertrophy

Silent Infection of B and CD8 + T Lymphocytes by Influenza A Virus in Children with Tonsillar Hypertrophy

The pathogens profile in children with otitis media with effusion and adenoid hypertrophy

Fatal Primary Human Bocavirus Pneumonia in an Immunocompetent Adult

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Product

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Silent Infection of B and CD8 ⁺ T Lymphocytes by Influenza A Virus in Children with Tonsillar Hypertrophy

Silent Infection of B and CD8 ⁺ T Lymphocytes by Influenza A Virus in Children with Tonsillar Hypertrophy