Response bias in recognition memory as a cognitive trait

Kantner, Justin; Lindsay, D. Stephen

doi:10.3758/s13421-012-0226-0

Cited by 88 publications

(93 citation statements)

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“…Moreover, following Lindsay's (2012, 2014) analysis of individual differences in response bias, we might ask whether RH use can be conceived of as a cognitive trait, meaning "an aspect of cognition that typifies an individual" (Kantner & Lindsay, 2012, p. 1164. Given the present data, we cannot answer this question now.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given that the recognition and TTB heuristics share the one-reason decisionmaking principle, correlations between preferences for the two heuristics seem very likely. Furthermore, one could also explore whether RH use is related to other response tendencies and biases as part of "a more general, intra-individually stable decision-making heuristic" (Kantner & Lindsay, 2012, p. 1175.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kantner & Lindsay, 2012) or to statistical peculiarities of the r-model that might bias stability assessment, we replicated the main analyses using all measures of RH use previously employed in the relevant literature: the adherence rate (i.e., the proportion of cases in which the recognized object is chosen), the indices c (i.e., the tendency to follow the recognition cue) and d' (i.e., the ability to discriminate cases in which recognition yields a correct vs. a false inference) derived from signal detection theory (Pachur et al, 2009), and the discrimination index (DI; Hilbig & Pohl, 2008), similar to the discriminability parameter d'. For this purpose, we calculated the respective measures for each participant and each test occasion separately and used standard methods of stability assessment (i.e., Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients), summarized in Table 1.…”

Section: Stability Of Alternative Measures Of Rh Usementioning

confidence: 99%

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Individual differences in use of the recognition heuristic are stable across time, choice objects, domains, and presentation formats

Michalkiewicz

Erdfelder

2015

Mem Cogn

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The recognition heuristic (RH) is a simple decision strategy that performs surprisingly well in many domains. According to the RH, people decide on the basis of recognition alone and ignore further knowledge when faced with a recognized and an unrecognized choice object. Previous research has revealed noteworthy individual differences in RH use, suggesting that people have preferences for using versus avoiding this strategy that might be causally linked to cognitive or personality traits. However, trying to explain differences in RH use in terms of traits presupposes temporal and cross-situational stability in use of the RH, an important prerequisite that has not been scrutinized so far. In a series of four experiments, we therefore assessed the stability in RH use across (1) time, (2) choice objects, (3) domains, and (4) presentation formats of the choice objects. In Experiment 1, participants worked on the same inference task and choice objects twice, separated by a delay of either one day or one week. Experiment 2 replicated Experiment 1 using two different object sets from the same domain, whereas Experiment 3 assessed the stability of RH use across two different domains. Finally, in Experiment 4 we investigated stability across verbal and pictorial presentation formats of the choice objects. For all measures of RH use proposed so far, we found strong evidence for both temporal and cross-situational stability in use of the RH. Thus, RH use at least partly reflects a personspecific style of decision making whose determinants await further research.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Stability Of Alternative Measures Of Rh Usementioning

confidence: 99%

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Individual differences in use of the recognition heuristic are stable across time, choice objects, domains, and presentation formats

Michalkiewicz

Erdfelder

2015

Mem Cogn

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“…Beyond the highlighted need to test both the proposed differentiation of retrieval format biases and the correspondence between implicit and explicit forms of goal emphasis, future research might also seek to clarify whether old and new items are differentially biased by goal emphasis mechanisms (as has been recently suggested e.g. Kafkas & Montaldi, 2014), as well as the potential mediating role of individual differences in bias tendency (Aminoff et al, 2012;Kantner & Lindsay, 2012 As with many psychological phenomena, it is useful to think of the findings reported here as functional or adaptive when placed in the context of the real world in which we make almost all of our memory decisions. An eyewitness confronted with a lineup of potential suspects is cautious of making an "old" decision as this initiates an action sequence that might end with the prosecution of the identified individual; the alternate "new" decision is comparatively less consequential, as no conclusive step is taken to end the ongoing suspect search.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Question format shifts bias away from the emphasised response in tests of recognition memory

Mill

O'Connor

2014

Consciousness and Cognition

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The question asked to interrogate memory has potential to influence response bias at retrieval, yet has not been systematically investigated. According to framing effects in the field of eyewitness testimony, retrieval cueing effects in cognitive psychology and the acquiescence bias in questionnaire responding, the question should establish a confirmatory bias. Conversely, according to findings from the rewarded decision-making literature involving mixed incentives, the question should establish a disconfirmatory bias. Across three experiments (ns = 90 [online], 29[laboratory] and 29 [laboratory]) we demonstrate a disconfirmatory bias -"old?" decreased old responding. This bias is underpinned by a goal-driven mechanism wherein participants seek to maximise emphasised response accuracy at the expense of frequency. Moreover, we demonstrate that disconfirmatory biases can be generated without explicit reference to the goal state. We conclude that subtle aspects of the test environment influence retrieval to a greater extent than has been previously considered.

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“…For example, Kantner and Lindsay (2012) found that where people set their criterion (relatively conservative, neutral, or liberal) was highly consistent across tests, both within the same testing session and 1 week later. The authors interpreted this finding as criterion setting reflecting a cognitive trait such that individuals naturally differ in the amount of memorial evidence they need to classify items as old (see also Kantner & Lindsay, 2014).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The reliability of criterion shifting in recognition memory is task dependent

Franks

Hicks

2016

Mem Cogn

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We explored 2 research questions: whether criterion shifts within different recognition tasks are reliable across testing sessions and whether such shifts correlate across the different tasks. In Experiment 1, we established consistent group-level criterion shifting based on expected strength of target items in the test. False-alarm rates were higher when expected strength was weak as opposed to strong, even when expected strength cues were unblocked at test. Test-retest reliabilities in this strength-cuing environment were good. In Experiment 2, we manipulated either the probability (high or low) or expected memory strength (strong or weak) of target items and had people perform both tasks on each of 2 days of testing. Varying the probability of target items consistently produced criterion shifts, as did manipulating target memory strength. Regarding individual differences, shifting in a given test context predicted shifting on a second day in that same test context. However, one's tendency to shift a decision criterion on 1 type of test context did not predict one's tendency to do so in the other. The extent to which people shifted their decision criterion in recognition memory testing was largely dependent on the type of test.

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Response bias in recognition memory as a cognitive trait

Cited by 88 publications

References 50 publications

Individual differences in use of the recognition heuristic are stable across time, choice objects, domains, and presentation formats

Individual differences in use of the recognition heuristic are stable across time, choice objects, domains, and presentation formats

Question format shifts bias away from the emphasised response in tests of recognition memory

The reliability of criterion shifting in recognition memory is task dependent

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