Response: Commentary: Pattern Recognition Proteins: First Line of Defense Against Coronaviruses

Glutathione deficiency in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its effects upon the host immune response in severe COVID-19 disease

“…As we previously published, a multiweapon approach is needed to successfully combat SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 disease ( Labarrere and Kassab, 2021 ), involving vaccines ( Jin et al, 2022 ) especially vaccines that selectively and efficiently induce antibodies that target the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain ( Robbiani et al, 2020 ), pattern recognition proteins such as surfactant proteins A and D ( Arroyo et al, 2021 ; Ghati et al, 2021 ; Wang et al, 2021a ; DePietro and Salzberg, 2022 ; Labarrere and Kassab, 2022 ), modulators of mannose binding lectin, C1q, C-reactive protein ( Tang et al, 2011 ; Torzewski et al, 2020 ; Labarrere and Kassab, 2021 ; Ringel et al, 2021 ), and IgM natural antibodies, TLR inhibitors, modulators of cellular components (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, mast cells, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, regulatory T cells, natural killer cells) of innate immunity, cellular components of both innate and adaptive immune systems (γδ T cells, natural killer T cells), soluble constituents of adaptive immunity (polyreactive IgM antibodies to the viral disease, among others), and cellular components of adaptive immunity (T cell subsets like Th1 CD4+ T cells, cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, Th2 cells, Th17 cells, Th9 cells), viral replication inhibitors, renin-angiotensin system inhibitors ( Williams, 2021 ) and human recombinant soluble ACE2 ( Abd El-Aziz et al, 2020 ), as well as heparin and glycosaminoglycan antithrombotics ( Magnani, 2021 ), among others. Sadly, there are no effective antivirals and vaccines to definitively treat or prevent COVID-19.…”

Glutathione: A Samsonian life-sustaining small molecule that protects against oxidative stress, ageing and damaging inflammation

“…In a patient that is overloaded with cytokine storm, the best way to fortify the immune system would be to supply it with reduced GSH, since reduced GSH is already able to provide reducing equivalents from its thiol group. This is particularly relevant when we consider GSH pathways, as well as their transcriptional regulator Nrf2, for proliferation, survival and function of T cells, B cells and macrophages (325,326). The value of GSH and nutritional strategies like amino acids, vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, sulforaphane to enhance cellular Nrf2, and other supplements used to restore GSH levels (327)(328)(329)(330) as adjunct treatments for all inflammatory diseases including SARS-CoV-2 infection needs to be further emphasized.…”