Response from Forbes et al. To Oehlmann et al.

Forbes, Valery E.; Aufderheide, John; Warbritton, Ryan; Hoeven, Nelly van der; Caspers, Norbert

doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.11.021

Cited by 21 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…COMT is an enzyme that breaks down dopamine, with the val allele associated with greater enzymatic efficacy and therefore lower PFC dopamine levels. It plays a comparatively minor role in striatum, due to its relatively sparse expression, and the presence of potent dopamine transporters and autoreceptors [ 25 , 26 , 24 , 27 ].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prefrontal and striatal dopaminergic genes predict individual differences in exploration and exploitation

et al. 2009

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The basal ganglia support learning to exploit decisions that have yielded positive outcomes in the past. In contrast, limited evidence implicates the prefrontal cortex for making strategic exploratory decisions when the magnitude of potential outcomes is unknown. Here we examine neurogenetic contributions to individual differences in these distinct aspects of motivated human behavior, employing a temporal decision making task and computational analysis. We show that genes controlling striatal dopamine function (DARPP-32 and DRD2) are associated with exploitative learning to incrementally adjust response times as a function of positive and negative decision outcomes. In contrast, a gene primarily controlling prefrontal dopamine function (COMT) is associated with a particular type of “directed exploration”, in which exploratory decisions are made in proportion to Bayesian uncertainty about whether other choices might produce outcomes that are better than the status quo. Quantitative model fits reveal that genetic factors modulate independent parameters of a reinforcement learning system.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prefrontal and striatal dopaminergic genes predict individual differences in exploration and exploitation

et al. 2009

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“…Yet, by communicating belatedly or in a manner that is too tempered, physicians risk under-informing families. Box 2 lists potential challenges to ACP that we and other medical caregivers of children with complex chronic conditions have encountered (17,21,(24)(25)(26)(27). Challenges can stem from both families and health care providers.…”

Section: Box 1 / Anticipatory Guidance For Families With Children On mentioning

confidence: 99%

End-Of-Life Discussions and Advance Care Planning for Children on Long-Term Assisted Ventilation with Life-Limiting Conditions

et al. 2012

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Families of children with life-limiting conditions who are on long-term assisted ventilation need to undertake end-of-life advance care planning (ACP) in order to align their goals and values with the inevitability of their child's condition and the risks it entails. To discuss how best to conduct ACP in this population, we performed a retrospective analysis of end-of-life discussions involving our deceased ventilator-assisted patients between 1987 and 2009. A total of 34 (72 percent) of 47 study patients were the subject of these discussions; many discussions occurred after acute deterioration. They resulted in directives to forgo or limit interventions for 21 children (45 percent). We surmise that many families were hesitant to discuss end-of-life issues during periods of relative stability. By offering anticipatory guidance and encouraging contemplation of patients’ goals both in times of stability and during worsening illness, health care providers can better engage patients’ families in ACP. As the child's condition progresses, the emphasis can be recalibrated. How families respond to such encouragement can also serve as a gauge of their willingness to pursue ACP.

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“…These 110 objects are of similar or higher mass than ω Centauri (2.5 × 10 6 M ; van de Ven et al 2006). Higher resolution data should reveal that the remaining 85 objects have an extended structure given that ∼2 × 10 6 M marks the onset of a size-luminosity relation for stellar structures (Hasegan et al 2005;Forbes et al 2008;Murray 2009). We also present Notes.…”

Section: Color-magnitude Diagrammentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultra-Compact Dwarfs in the Core of the Coma Cluster

Madrid

Graham

Harris

et al. 2010

ApJ

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We have discovered both a red and a blue subpopulation of ultra-compact dwarf (UCD) galaxy candidates in the Coma galaxy cluster. We analyzed deep F475W (Sloan g) and F814W (I) Hubble Space Telescope images obtained with the Advanced Camera for Surveys Wide Field Channel as part of the Coma Cluster Treasury Survey and have fitted the light profiles of ∼5000 point-like sources in the vicinity of NGC 4874, one of the two central dominant galaxies of the Coma Cluster. Although almost all of these sources are globular clusters that remain unresolved, we found that 52 objects have effective radii between ∼10 and 66 pc, in the range spanned by dwarf globular transition objects (DGTOs) and UCDs. Of these 52 compact objects, 25 are brighter than M V ∼ −11 mag, a magnitude conventionally thought to separate UCDs and globular clusters. The UCD/ DGTO candidates have the same color and luminosity distribution as the most luminous globular clusters within the red and blue subpopulations of the immensely rich NGC 4874 globular cluster system. Unlike standard globular clusters, blue and red UCD/DGTO subpopulations have the same median effective radius. The spatial distribution of UCD/DGTO candidates reveals that they congregate toward NGC 4874 and are not uniformly distributed. We find a relative deficit of UCD/DGTOs compared with globular clusters in the inner 15 kpc around NGC 4874; however, at larger radii UCD/DGTO and globular clusters follow the same spatial distribution.

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Response from Forbes et al. To Oehlmann et al.

Cited by 21 publications

References 11 publications

Prefrontal and striatal dopaminergic genes predict individual differences in exploration and exploitation

Prefrontal and striatal dopaminergic genes predict individual differences in exploration and exploitation

End-Of-Life Discussions and Advance Care Planning for Children on Long-Term Assisted Ventilation with Life-Limiting Conditions

Ultra-Compact Dwarfs in the Core of the Coma Cluster

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