“…Ecological role of HIPVs in a simple tritrophic interaction Once HIPVs are released to the environment, they are not under the control of the plants. They might be exploited by various organisms from various trophic levels such as neighboring conspecific plants (Kost and Heil, 2006;Choh and Takabayashi, 2010) or different plant species (Baldwin et al, 2006;Pearse et al, 2013), conspecific herbivores (De Moraes et al, 2001;Carroll et al, 2008) or different herbivore species (Bernasconi et al, 1998;Robert et al, 2012), and natural enemies Yu et al, 2008;Yu et al, 2010;Zhang et al, 2012;Haftay and Nakamuta, 2016a,b). These attributes are thought to exert different selection pressures on the plant fitness (Hoballah and Turlings, 2001;Kost and Heil, 2006;Dicke and Baldwin, 2010).…”