Response of Barley to Grasshopper Defoliation in Interior Alaska: Dry Matter and Grain Yield

Begna, Sultan; Fielding, Dennis J.

doi:10.1603/0022-0493-98.6.1969

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The results of this experiment, conducted in controlled environment chambers, compare favorably with results from field experiments (Begna and Fielding 2005). Grain yields in the absence of grasshoppers in the present study were equivalent to about 310 g m Á2 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…These results provide greater understanding of plant responses to insect feeding damage and will lead to more accurate estimates of economic injury levels. Close agreement with field results (Begna and Fielding 2005) lends support to estimates of yield loss to grasshopper damage.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

“…Grasshoppers may damage barley (or other small grains) by removal of photosynthetic tissue or, later in the season, by head clipping (Pickford and Mukerji 1974;Wright 1986;Begna and Fielding 2005). In this study of gradual, season-long defoliation, leaves, and later in the season, awns and glumes, were the most damaged parts of the plant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…Without an understanding of how the whole plant reacts to feeding damage, it is difficult to develop robust models of insect damage/yield loss relationships. Previous field studies in Alaska have quantified many aspects of the allocation of photosynthates to above-ground plant organs in relation to grasshopper feeding (Begna and Fielding 2005). The objective of this study was examine to in more detail in controlled environment chambers, the responses of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plants to chronic defoliation by grasshoppers, including root growth and allocation of nitrogen to grain and other above-ground parts.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Growth and yield of barley in relation to grasshopper feeding damage

Begna¹,

Fielding²

2008

Can. J. Plant Sci.

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. 2008. Growth and yield of barley in relation to grasshopper feeding damage. Can. J. Plant Sci. 88: 219Á227. Grasshoppers are common pests of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in subarctic Alaska and cause substantial crop loss during outbreaks, but there is little information about the growth response of barley to grasshopper feeding damage. In two growth chamber experiments, we studied the effect of four densities (0, 1, 2, and 3 pot Á1 , equivalent to 0, 25, 50 and 75 grasshoppers m Á2) of grasshoppers (Melanoplus sanguinipes F.) on the above-and below-ground growth of barley (eight plants per pot). Plants were exposed to grasshoppers beginning in the 3rd to 4th leaf stage (exp. 1) and in 1st to 2nd leaf stage (exp. 2). Plants were harvested and growth variables were measured shortly after anthesis and at maturity. Generally, the reduction in above-ground dry matter, at the highest density was 29 and 47% for exp. 1 and exp. 2, respectively. Effects of grasshoppers on below-ground growth (dry matter and surface area of roots) was less consistent than on above-ground variables; however, at the highest grasshopper density in exp. 2, dry matter and surface area of roots were reduced by about 40Á53%. Grain yield (pooled over experiments) decreased by 19 and 36% for grasshopper densities of 2 and 3 pot Á1 , respectively. Most of the yield loss was accounted for by reduced seed weights, while protein content per seed remained nearly constant. The proportion of total above-ground dry matter represented in harvested grain and root:shoot ratios were not affected by grasshopper feeding. These results provide greater understanding of plant responses to insect feeding damage and will lead to more accurate estimates of economic injury levels. ) dans les zones subarctiques de l'Alaska. Durant les infestations, elles causent des pertes substantielles aux cultures, mais on sait peu de choses sur la re´action de l'orge a`de tels dommages au niveau de la croissance. Les auteurs ont e´tudie´l'incidence de quatre densite´s (0, 1, 2 et 3 insectes par pot, soit l'e´quivalent de 0, 25, 50 et 75 par m 2 ) de sauterelles (Melanoplus sanguinipes F.) sur la croissance des organes ae´riens et souterrains de l'orge (huit plants par pot), lors de deux expe´riences en chambre de croissance. Ils ont re´colte´les plants et mesure´les variables de la croissance peu apre`s l'anthe`se ainsi qu'a`maturite´. Dans l'ensemble, la re´duction de la concentration de matie`re se`che dans les organes ae´riens s'est respectivement e´tablie a`29 % et a`47 % lors de la premie`re et de la deuxie`me expe´rience, a`la densite´la plus e´leve´e des ravageurs. Les sauterelles ont une incidence moins cohe´rente sur la croissance des organes souterrains (concentration de matie`re se`che et superficie des racines) que sur la croissance des organes ae´riens. Ne´anmoins, lors de la deuxie`me expe´rience, a`la densite´de sauterelles la plus e´leve´e, les auteurs ont note´une baisse de 40 % a`53 % de la concentration de matie`re se`che et de la superficie des racines. Le ren...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Growth and yield of barley in relation to grasshopper feeding damage

Begna¹,

Fielding²

2008

Can. J. Plant Sci.

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“…Seven species of grasshoppers are common in Interior Alaska [4]. Three of the seven common species, Melanoplus borealis (Fieber), M. sanguinipes (Fabricius), and Camnula pellucida (Scudder), constitute a threat to crops [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Soil Depths on Nymphal Eclosion of Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabricius)

Pantoja¹,

Ranft

Fielding³

et al. 2012

TOENTOJ

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This work reports on the use of cultural practices that influence grasshoppers' nymphal emergence. Grasshopper eggs were buried at depths of 2, 14, 18, 22, and 26 cm in laboratory arenas. Nymph eclosion ranged from 77.5 to 87.8%. However, nymph emergence, measured as the number of nymphs that reached the soil surface, was estimated at 70.9% when eggs were buried at 2cm, but was reduced to 2.5 % at 18cm depth. No nymphs emerged at depths of 22 cm or more. The relative high percentage of nymphal eclosion and the low or no nymph emergence suggests that the depths tested on this trial do not affect egg development and nymphal eclosion, but affect the ability of the insect to emerge to the soil surface, thus increasing first instar mortality. The addition of sand to the soil reduced nymphal emergence. A significantly lower percentage of hoppers emerged from sand as compared to soil, vermiculite, or soil mixed with 25, 50 and 75% sand. This suggests that cultural practices, such as plowing can be used as a management tool to control grasshoppers. Further research should investigate if nymphs died of suffocation at the eclosion site or in the process of emerging to the soil surface.

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Ecosystem carbon exchange in response to locust outbreaks in a temperate steppe

Song

Shao

et al. 2015

Oecologia

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It is predicted that locust outbreaks will occur more frequently under future climate change scenarios, with consequent effects on ecological goods and services. A field manipulative experiment was conducted to examine the responses of gross ecosystem productivity (GEP), net ecosystem carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange (NEE), ecosystem respiration (ER), and soil respiration (SR) to locust outbreaks in a temperate steppe of northern China from 2010 to 2011. Two processes related to locust outbreaks, natural locust feeding and carcass deposition, were mimicked by clipping 80 % of aboveground biomass and adding locust carcasses, respectively. Ecosystem carbon (C) exchange (i.e., GEP, NEE, ER, and SR) was suppressed by locust feeding in 2010, but stimulated by locust carcass deposition in both years (except SR in 2011). Experimental locust outbreaks (i.e., clipping plus locust carcass addition) decreased GEP and NEE in 2010 whereas they increased GEP, NEE, and ER in 2011, leading to neutral changes in GEP, NEE, and SR across the 2 years. The responses of ecosystem C exchange could have been due to the changes in soil ammonium nitrogen, community cover, and aboveground net primary productivity. Our findings of the transient and neutral changes in ecosystem C cycling under locust outbreaks highlight the importance of resistance, resilience, and stability of the temperate steppe in maintaining reliable ecosystem services, and facilitate the projections of ecosystem functioning in response to natural disturbance and climate change.

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Response of Barley to Grasshopper Defoliation in Interior Alaska: Dry Matter and Grain Yield

Cited by 4 publications

References 32 publications

Growth and yield of barley in relation to grasshopper feeding damage

Growth and yield of barley in relation to grasshopper feeding damage

Effects of Soil Depths on Nymphal Eclosion of Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabricius)

Ecosystem carbon exchange in response to locust outbreaks in a temperate steppe

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