Response of Bone Metabolism Markers to Ice Swimming in Regular Practitioners

Abstract

Objective: Both exercise and cold exposure cause physiological stress and they often occur in combination. However, the effects of exercise during severe cold on variation in bone metabolism in humans have remained elusive. The aim of this study was to investigate the variations in circulating bone metabolism markers after ice swimming (IS).Methods: Eighty-seven women and men aged 42–84 years old were recruited to perform regular IS activities. Serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), total calcium (Ca2+), total phosphorus (Pi), total magnesium (Mg2+), N-terminal osteocalcin (N-MID), total propeptide of procollagen 1 (TPINP), and C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (β-CTX) were measured 30 min before and 30 min after IS. Bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) were assessed at lumbar spine 1–4 (L1–L4) and femoral neck (FN). The IS habits were obtained from questionnaires and the 10-year probability of osteoporotic fracture was calculated using the FRAX® tool with and without a BMD value of the FN.Results: There were significant increases in PTH (median, 40.120–51.540 pg/mL), Ca2+ (median, 2.330–2.400 mmol/L), and Pi (median, 1.100–1.340 mmol/L) and significant decreases in TPINP (median, 38.190–36.610 ng/mL) and β-CTX (median, 0.185–0.171 ng/mL), while there was a trend for increased serum Mg2+ (P = 0.058) but no significant change in N-MID (P = 0.933) after IS in all subjects. The increases in the proportions of cases of hyperparathyroidemia, hypercalcemia, and hyperphosphatemia in those performing IS were statistically significant. The baseline levels and the changes of bone metabolism markers had associations with osteoporosis and bone status, but these may be age and sex dependent. Finally, there were significant correlations among the bone metabolism markers.Conclusion: IS caused significant alterations in bone metabolic markers, specifically, increases in PTH, Ca2+ and Pi should raise concerns about potential cardiovascular health risks in severe cold exercise. Additionally, a divergence between PTH elevation and a decline in bone turnover, which shown a special change of bone metabolism after IS and may suggest potential therapeutic implications of cold exercise in PTH and bone metabolic disorders.

Sclerostin decreases in regular swimmers after ice swimming and is associated with meteorin-like protein serum levels

“…There is currently no plausible interpretation for this paradox. Nonetheless, the mechanisms underlying our finding that the suppression of sclerostin after IS may be related to the alterations in circulating hormone levels in cold exercise condition and/or increased renal elimination: 1) most evidence from both human and animal studies supports parathyroid hormone (PTH) is an important suppressor of sclerostin ( Drake and Khosla, 2017 ), and we previously discovered that PTH increased significantly after IS ( Mu et al, 2021 ), which is possibly related to sclerostin inhibition. However, when we analyzed the relationship between PTH rising and sclerostin falling in our study population, with no significant relationship identified (data not shown).…”

“…Accordingly, the results of 56 participants were included in this report. This study's processes followed those described in our previous studies (Mu et al, 2020;Mu et al, 2021). The IS portion of this study was conducted at IS sites in Liaoyang (12 January 2019) and Shenyang (26 January 2019, and16 February 2019).…”

“…However, reports on the effects of “dual stress” (i.e., cold + exercise) on osteokines and adipomyokines are scarce. We previously reported changes in irisin and bone metabolism markers before and after cold exercise (ice swimming [IS]: winter swimming with a water temperature of <5°C [( Knechtle et al, 2021 )]) and observed a correlation between their changes during cold exercise and body composition ( Mu et al, 2020 ; Mu et al, 2021 ). However, no reported evidence has suggested an association between osteokines and adipomyokines during exercise in cold conditions.…”