Response of broiler turkeys to graded dietary levels of Palm Kernel Meal in replacement for maize

Abstract

The performance of local broiler turkeys fed dietary treatments in which palm kernel meal (PKM) replaced maize at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 percent was evaluated. The replacement levels of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 percent represented diets 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 respectively. One hundred and eighty day-old unsexed turkey poults were allotted to the six dietary treatments. The treatments were replicated three times. Each replicate having ten poults. The experiment was carried out as a completely randomized design experiment. The feeding trial lasted for 24 weeks. With the exception of mortality, significant differences (P<0.05) existed in the final weight, feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio. The final weight and weight gain of birds fed diet 4 (60% replacement level) were not significantly different (P>0.05) from that of diet 3 (40% replacement level) but were significantly higher (P<0.05) than other dietary treatments. Feed intake and feed conversion ratio increased as the level of replacement increased. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in the feed conversion ratio of turkeys fed diets 1, 2, 3, and 4. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in slaughter weight, dressed weight, breast, wings and back cuts of turkeys fed the various dietary treatments. Dressing percentage values were similar for birds fed diets 1, 2, 3, and 5. Abdominal fat of turkeys increased with increasing concentration of PKM at the expense of maize in the diets. The thigh weight of turkeys fed diets 1, 2, 3 and 6 were not significantly different (P>0.05) but were significantly higher than that of diets 4 and 5; whereas the drumstick weight of birds fed diets 2 to 6 were significantly higher than that of diet 1. Similarly meat-to-bone ratio of turkeys fed diet 3-6 were significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of diets 1 and 2. The spleen of turkeys fed diets 2 was higher than others. Palm kernel meal can replace maize up to 60 percent in the diet of local broiler turkeys for good growth and carcass performance.

Hematological Indices of Experimental Rats Fed with Rat Chow Fortified with Processed Breadfruits

“…Hemoglobin plays the physiological role of transporting oxygen to tissues of the animal for oxidation of consumed food in order to release the needed energy for the effective functioning of other body parts and also for the transport of carbon dioxide out of the body of animals [11][12][13].…”

“…The red blood cell is involved in the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body. Thus, a decrease in the red blood cell count indicates a reduction in the level of oxygen that would be carried to the tissues as well as the level of carbon dioxide returned to the lungs [11,14]. The result showed a slight but nonsignificant decrease in the red blood cell count of feed fortified with 30% and 50% of grilled breadfruit.…”

Comparative Effect of Three Different Energy Sources on Hematology and Serum Biochemistry of Rabbits

“…According to Isaac et al (2013) red blood cell is involved in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body. Thus, a reduced red blood cell count implies a reduction in the level of oxygen that would be carried to the tissues as well as the level of carbon dioxide returned to the lungs (Ugwuene, 2011;Soetan et al, 2013;Isaac et al, 2013). The major functions of the white blood cell and its differentials are to fight infections, defend the body by phagocytosis against invasion by foreign organisms and to produce or at least transport and distribute antibodies in immune response.…”

“…Haemoglobin is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of all vertebrates (Maton et al, 1993) with the exception of the fish family, channichthyldae (Sidell & O'Brien, 2006) as well as tissues of invertebrates. Hemoglobin has the physiological function of transporting oxygen to tissues of the animal for oxidation of ingested food so as to release energy for the other body functions as well as transport carbon dioxide out of the body of animals (Ugwuene, 2011;Omiyale et al, 2012;Soetan et al, 2013;Isaac et al, 2013).…”

Pharmacognostic Screening and Antimalaria Activity of Methanol Bark Extract of Daniellia oliveri (ROLFE) Hutch. & Dalz. [Fabaceae] Extract on Plasmodium berghei Infected Mice

“…To enhance the effectiveness and reduce the risk of developing resistance, the artemisinin compounds were to be combined with other known antimalarial drugs in order to leverage the rapid properties of the artemisinin and longer duration of the partner drugs [50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66]. The genus Daniellia was first named in 1854 by W. F. Daniell with the first species collected from Sierra Leone namely 'Daniellia thurifera' [86][87][88][89][90][91][92]. According to de la Estrella et al [7] "thegenus is comprises of ten different species".…”