“…Interactions between closely spaced tunnels were studied in the literature using several approaches: physical model testing (Kim et al, 1998;Chapman et al, 2007;Ng. et al, 2013;Lu et al, 2019;Lu et al, 2019;Tran and Hiroshi, 2020), field observations (Suwansawat and Einstein, 2007;Chen et al, 2011;Ocak, 2013), empirical/analytical methods (Wang et al, 2003;Suwansawat and Einstein, 2007;Yang and Wang, 2011;Wang et al, 2018, Zhang et al, 2018Zhang et al, 2020) and numerical modeling (Ercelebi et al, 2011;Hasanpour et al, 2012;Mirhabibi and Soroush, 2013;Do et al, 2014a;Chakeri and Unver, 2014;Chakeri et al, 2014, Janin et al, 2015Sahoo and Kumar, 2018;Zhao et al, 2019;Shivaei et al, 2020;Ly et al, 2021). Most studies in the literature focused on the effect of the tunnel distance, relative position of tunnels, tunnel depth, and soil properties on the stability of tunnel lining, surrounding ground, and adjacent structures.…”