Response of five triticale genotypes to salt stress in in vitro culture

Abstract

Different techniques have been suggested to protect plants from environmental stress. Therefore, new techniques should be developed to produce salt-resistant genotypes. Selection and improvement of desirable genotypes for this objective require suitable screening methods. Tissue culture can help in the efforts to produce new cultivars against environmental stress factors. In addition, in vitro culture studies permit relatively faster responses, shorter generation time, and regular environmental conditions as compared to classical breeding methods (Zhao et al., 2009;Elmaghrabi et al., 2013). A high level of salt in soil or in tissue culture may lead to numerous genetic and biochemical changes, causing problems such as limitation in mineral nutrient uptake, nutritional imbalance, mineral deficiency, osmotic stress, ion toxicity, and oxidative stress (Rozema and Flower, 2008;Rahnama et al., 2010;James et al., 2011). It has been reported that oxidative and osmotic stresses affect the cellular membrane integrity, enzyme activity, DNA, and chlorophyll content (Lokhande et al., 2010), which inhibits the functioning of most plant species.Proline is the most common metabolite that accumulates in response to salinity stress, shown to serve as a main osmotic regulator, and was reported in various plant species (Koca et al., 2007). The role of proline accumulation in plants' osmotic regulation is still unclear (Koskeroglu and Tuna, 2010). Soluble sugar is known to commonly accumulate in higher plants against salinity stress, which could play a role in osmotic protection (Khedr, 2003). Salt stress usually inhibits the plant growth. When plants are exposed to different abiotic stresses, some reactive oxygen species (ROS) removing enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT) are produced (Li and Staden, 1998). The antioxidant enzyme activity is positively associated with salt tolerance in plants (Lokhande et al., 2011). Many researchers have indicated that the salt resistance mechanism is activated during the entire plant stage and this has been tested in both in vitro and ex vitro situations (Watanabe et al., 2000; Troncoso et al., 2002). A close relationship between physiological changes and callus cultures by salt stress has been previously reported in different genotypes (Piwowarczyk et al., 2016).

Comparative analysis of glyoxalase pathway genes in Erianthus arundinaceus and commercial sugarcane hybrid under salinity and drought conditions

“…In the perspective of understanding glyoxalase pathway genes in stress defensive mechanisms, we performed real-time quantification experiments, physiological assays and in silico characterization for all the deduced proteins of glyoxalase genes (glyoxalase I, II and III) isolated from E. arundinaceus and commercial sugarcane hybrid. In vitro method of quantifying the salinity tolerance level is a familiar and successful technique for different plant species [22]. Even though the level of tolerant mechanisms differs from in vitro to in vivo, conditions have been successfully applied for many plant species.…”

“…In vitro method of quantifying the salinity tolerance level is a familiar and successful technique for different plant species [ 22 ]. Even though the level of tolerant mechanisms differs from in vitro to in vivo, conditions have been successfully applied for many plant species.…”

Na+ and Cl− induce differential physiological, biochemical responses and metabolite modulations in vitro in contrasting salt-tolerant soybean genotypes

“…1). Using in vitro callus cultures, several researchers analyzed salt-stress-induced differential antioxidant activities in callus of different plant species such as Sugarcane (Patade et al 2012), Melon (Kusvuran et al 2016), and Triticale (Bezirganoglu 2017). The Gujosoya-2 and SL-295 genotypes were unable to maintain higher enzymatic antioxidant activities to cope with Na + stress.…”

“…In Medicago, Lotus, Faba bean, Barley, Chrysanthemum, Cucumber, and rice, it has been shown that controlled chloride transport and exclusion from shoot are well correlated (Sibole et al 2003;Teakle et al 2007;Tavakkoli et al 2010Tavakkoli et al , 2011Guan et al 2012;Huang et al 2015;Khare et al 2015). Most of the studies at cellular level have been carried out in the presence of NaCl salt (Rahnama et al 2003;Rahnama and Ebrahimzadeh 2004;Kusvuran et al 2016;Bezirganoglu 2017), but very meager information is available using individual Na + or Cl − salts. In vitro culture techniques offer a significant tool to evaluate genotypes for salt tolerance in less time and space at cellular level under uniform and controlled growth and treatment conditions (Nikam et al 2014;Piwowarczyk et al 2016;Bezirganoglu 2017;Boamponsem et al 2018).…”

“…Most of the studies at cellular level have been carried out in the presence of NaCl salt (Rahnama et al 2003;Rahnama and Ebrahimzadeh 2004;Kusvuran et al 2016;Bezirganoglu 2017), but very meager information is available using individual Na + or Cl − salts. In vitro culture techniques offer a significant tool to evaluate genotypes for salt tolerance in less time and space at cellular level under uniform and controlled growth and treatment conditions (Nikam et al 2014;Piwowarczyk et al 2016;Bezirganoglu 2017;Boamponsem et al 2018). Physiological and biochemical mechanisms of salinity tolerance could be different at both cellular and whole plant levels (Nikam et al 2014;Zhao et al 2018).…”