Response of forest trees to global environmental changes

Hamrick, J. L.

doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2004.05.023

Cited by 516 publications

(495 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Trees, which are characterized by their individual longevity, high intrapopulation genetic diversity, and often substantial potential for gene flow via pollen and seed, may be particularly well equipped to withstand habitat disturbance (Hamrick, 2004). Although theoretical predictions of reduced genetic diversity and elevated inbreeding following habitat fragmentation (Young et al, 1996) are upheld for a number of wind-pollinated temperate tree species (Sork et al, 2002;Jump and Penuelas, 2006), a recent review of empirical studies conducted in neotropical tree species suggests that fragmentation generally has more complex effects ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paternity analysis of pollen-mediated gene flow for Fraxinus excelsior L. in a chronically fragmented landscape

Bacles

Ennos

2008

Heredity

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Paternity analysis based on microsatellite marker genotyping was used to infer contemporary genetic connectivity by pollen of three population remnants of the wind-pollinated, wind-dispersed tree Fraxinus excelsior, in a deforested Scottish landscape. By deterministically accounting for genotyping error and comparing a range of assignment methods, individual-based paternity assignments were used to derive population-level estimates of gene flow. Pollen immigration into a 300 ha landscape represents between 43 and 68% of effective pollination, mostly depending on assignment method. Individual male reproductive success is unequal, with 31 of 48 trees fertilizing one seed or more, but only three trees fertilizing more than ten seeds. Spatial analysis suggests a fat-tailed pollen dispersal curve with 85% of detected pollination occurring within 100 m, and 15% spreading between 300 and 1900 m from the source.Identification of immigrating pollen sourced from two neighbouring remnants indicates further effective dispersal at 2900 m. Pollen exchange among remnants is driven by population size rather than geographic distance, with larger remnants acting predominantly as pollen donors, and smaller remnants as pollen recipients. Enhanced wind dispersal of pollen in a barren landscape ensures that the seed produced within the catchment includes genetic material from a wide geographic area. However, gene flow estimates based on analysis of non-dispersed seeds were shown to underestimate realized gene immigration into the remnants by a factor of two suggesting that predictive landscape conservation requires integrated estimates of post-recruitment gene flow occurring via both pollen and seed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paternity analysis of pollen-mediated gene flow for Fraxinus excelsior L. in a chronically fragmented landscape

Bacles

Ennos

2008

Heredity

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“…Such disturbance of once-continuous tree populations could potentially disrupt natural ecological and evolutionary processes and adversely modify their genetic structure (Hamrick, 2004). Species that are widely used in forestry may also be affected by contamination from artificial forests of conspecific species, and consequent modification of their genetic structure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic diversity and the genetic structure of natural populations of Chamaecyparis obtusa: implications for management and conservation

et al. 2007

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We investigated 25 natural populations of Chamaecyparis obtusa using 51 cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers, which were developed using information on sequence-tagged sites (STS) in Cryptomeria japonica. Most CAPS markers have codominant expression patterns, and are suitable for population studies because of their robustness and convenience. We estimated various genetic diversity parameters, including average heterozygosity (H e ) and allelic richness and found that the more peripheral populations tended to have lower genetic diversity than central populations, in agreement with a previous theoretical study. The overall genetic differentiation between populations was low, but statistically significant (G ST ¼ 0.039), and similar to the level reported in a previous allozyme study. We attempted to detect non-neutral loci associated with local adaptation to clarify the relationship between the fixation index (F ST ) and H e values for each locus and found seven candidates non-neutral loci. Phylogenetic tree analysis of the populations and Bayesian clustering analysis revealed a pattern of gradually increasing isolation of populations with increasing geographical distance. Three populations had a high degree of linkage disequilibrium, which we attribute to severe bottlenecks due to human disturbance or competition with other species during their migration from refugia after the most recent glaciation. We concluded that the small populations in western Japan and in Kanto district are more important, from a conservation perspective, than the populations in central Japan, due to their genetic divergence, relatively small sizes and restricted areas.

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“…Theory predicts that habitat fragmentation should lead to the disruption of plant breeding systems, leading to increased inbreeding and population differentiation and the erosion of genetic variability within populations (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6). In the short term, increased inbreeding can lower individual fitness and reduce population viability, thereby increasing the extinction risk of individual populations (1,2,4).…”

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“…Individual forest fragmentation studies have provided only limited support for these theoretical predictions (4)(5)(6)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16). This limited support has led to the belief that tree species [particularly those that are wind-pollinated (5,6,9,12)] are especially resistant to the effects of habitat fragmentation and are therefore at low risk from environmental change (3).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Investigation of the effects of forest fragmentation has been hampered by poor replication (due to few remaining fragments) and the lack of comparative data from prefragmentation populations (3,4). Studies have sometimes been forced to rely on comparison of forest fragments with continuous forest in different areas of the species' geographic range (9)(10)(11)16), despite the fact that underlying geographical patterns of population divergence and genetic diversity (5,17,18) may make such comparison problematic.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Genetic effects of chronic habitat fragmentation in a wind-pollinated tree

Jump

Peñuelas

2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

258

194

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Habitat fragmentation poses a serious threat to plants through genetic changes associated with increased isolation and reduced population size. However, the longevity of trees, combined with effective seed or pollen dispersal, can enhance their resistance to these effects. The European beech (Fagus sylvatica) dominates forest over large regions of Europe. We demonstrate that habitat fragmentation in this species has led to genetic bottlenecks and the disruption of the species' breeding system, leading to significantly elevated levels of inbreeding, population divergence, and reduced genetic diversity within populations. These results show that, in contrast with the findings of previous studies, forest fragmentation has a negative genetic impact, even in this widespread, wind-pollinated tree. The identification of significant effects of forest fragmentation in beech demonstrates that trees are not at reduced risk from environmental change. This should be accounted for in the management of remaining natural and seminatural forest throughout the world.F-statistics ͉ forest fragmentation ͉ inbreeding ͉ isolation by distance ͉ population genetics

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Response of forest trees to global environmental changes

Cited by 516 publications

References 61 publications

Paternity analysis of pollen-mediated gene flow for Fraxinus excelsior L. in a chronically fragmented landscape

Paternity analysis of pollen-mediated gene flow for Fraxinus excelsior L. in a chronically fragmented landscape

Genetic diversity and the genetic structure of natural populations of Chamaecyparis obtusa: implications for management and conservation

Genetic effects of chronic habitat fragmentation in a wind-pollinated tree

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