Response of macroarthropod assemblages to the loss of hemlock (<i>Tsuga canadensis</i>), a foundation species

Sackett, Tara E.; Record, Sydne; Bewick, Sharon; Baiser, Benjamin; Sanders, Nathan J.; Ellison, Aaron M.

doi:10.1890/es11-00155.1

Cited by 41 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Table 3. Spider species abundance frequency counts in two canopy manipulation treatments (Ellison et al 2010, Sackett et al 2011. For the Girdled treatment, S obs = 26 species, n = 168 individuals; for the Logged treatment, S obs = 37 species, n = 252 individuals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Example 1: Abundance data -comparing spider species diversity in two treatments Sackett et al (2011) provided species abundance data for samples of spiders from four experimental forest canopy-manipulation treatments at the Harvard Forest. The treatments were established to study the long-term consequences of loss of the dominant forest tree, eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), caused by a non-native insect, the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) (Ellison et al 2010).…”

Section: Worked Examples: Comparison Of Assemblagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rarefaction and extrapolation with Hill numbers: a framework for sampling and estimation in species diversity studies

Chao

Gotelli

Hsieh

et al. 2014

Ecological Monographs

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3,027

2,415

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Quantifying and assessing changes in biological diversity are central aspects of many ecological studies, yet accurate methods of estimating biological diversity from sampling data have been elusive. Hill numbers, or the effective number of species, are increasingly used to characterize the taxonomic, phylogenetic, or functional diversity of an assemblage. However, empirical estimates of Hill numbers, including species richness, tend to be an increasing function of sampling effort and, thus, tend to increase with sample completeness. Integrated curves based on sampling theory that smoothly link rarefaction (interpolation) and prediction (extrapolation) standardize samples on the basis of sample size or sample completeness and facilitate the comparison of biodiversity data. Here we extended previous rarefaction and extrapolation models for species richness (Hill number qD, where q = 0) to measures of taxon diversity incorporating relative abundance (i.e., for any Hill number qD, q > 0) and present a unified approach for both individual‐based (abundance) data and sample‐based (incidence) data. Using this unified sampling framework, we derive both theoretical formulas and analytic estimators for seamless rarefaction and extrapolation based on Hill numbers. Detailed examples are provided for the first three Hill numbers: q = 0 (species richness), q = 1 (the exponential of Shannon's entropy index), and q = 2 (the inverse of Simpson's concentration index). We developed a bootstrap method for constructing confidence intervals around Hill numbers, facilitating the comparison of multiple assemblages of both rarefied and extrapolated samples. The proposed estimators are accurate for both rarefaction and short‐range extrapolation. For long‐range extrapolation, the performance of the estimators depends on both the value of q and on the extrapolation range. We tested our methods on simulated data generated from species abundance models and on data from large species inventories. We also illustrate the formulas and estimators using empirical data sets from biodiversity surveys of temperate forest spiders and tropical ants.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Worked Examples: Comparison Of Assemblagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rarefaction and extrapolation with Hill numbers: a framework for sampling and estimation in species diversity studies

Chao

Gotelli

Hsieh

et al. 2014

Ecological Monographs

Self Cite

3,027

2,415

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“…In general, foundation species are found at the base of food webs [3] and exert bottom-up control on the distribution and abundance of associated biota [4]. Characteristics of foundation species include those of core species [5], dominant species [6], structural species [7], and autogenic ecosystem engineers [8], but none of the latter possesses all of the characteristics of a foundation species [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Foundation Species Loss and Biodiversity of the Herbaceous Layer in New England Forests

Ellison

Plotkin

Khalid

2015

Forests

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Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) is a foundation species in eastern North American forests. Because eastern hemlock is a foundation species, it often is assumed that the diversity of associated species is high. However, the herbaceous layer of eastern hemlock stands generally is sparse, species-poor, and lacks unique species or floristic assemblages. The rapidly spreading, nonnative hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tusgae) is causing widespread death of eastern hemlock. Loss of individual hemlock trees or whole stands rapidly leads to increases in species richness and cover of shrubs, herbs, graminoids, ferns, and fern-allies. Naively, one could conclude that the loss of eastern hemlock has a net positive effect on biodiversity. What is lost besides hemlock, however, is landscape-scale variability in the structure and composition of the herbaceous layer. In the Harvard Forest Hemlock Removal Experiment, removal of hemlock by either girdling (simulating adelgid infestation) or logging led to a proliferation of early-successional and disturbance-dependent understory species. In other declining hemlock stands, nonnative plant species expand and homogenize the flora. While local richness increases in former eastern hemlock stands, between-site and regional species diversity will be further diminished as this iconic foundation species of eastern North America succumbs to hemlock woolly adelgid.

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“…In eastern forests of the USA, eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) is a foundation species [2,148]. The acidic litter and deep shade cast by hemlock creates a sparse forest understory with unique microclimatic conditions and soil biota relative to surrounding deciduous hardwood forests [149,150]. The hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA; Adelges tsugae) is an aphid-like insect from Asia that is invasive within the range of eastern hemlock, can kill all age classes of hemlock trees [151], and is causing largescale mortality across much of the eastern USA [148].…”

Section: Effects Of Biotic Interactions On Landscape Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

The Interplay Between Landscape Structure and Biotic Interactions

Zarnetske

Baiser

Strecker

et al. 2017

Curr Landscape Ecol Rep

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Landscape structure and biotic interactions are closely linked. We identify five aspects of landscape structure that contribute to the co-occurrence of species and restrict or enable different types of biotic interactions: patch size and habitat amount, isolation of patches, barriers to dispersal and movement, persistence of landscape structure, and landscape complexity. In addition, these aspects of landscape structure influence the strength and outcome of biotic interactions. Whereas most research focuses on the effects of the abiotic environment on species and their biotic interactions, research on foundation species and ecosystem engineers demonstrates the important influence of biotic interactions on landscape structure itself, including effects on landscape complexity, extent of habitat, and the structure of landscape features. In this review, we describe ecological theories that lay the foundation for interplay between landscape structure and biotic interactions, and summarize these connections across an array of interacting species in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial systems. We end with suggestions for integrating the fields of landscape ecology and community ecology to better understand the connections between landscape structure and biotic interactions and better predict their dynamics in light of global change.

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Response of macroarthropod assemblages to the loss of hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), a foundation species

Cited by 41 publications

References 42 publications

Rarefaction and extrapolation with Hill numbers: a framework for sampling and estimation in species diversity studies

Rarefaction and extrapolation with Hill numbers: a framework for sampling and estimation in species diversity studies

Foundation Species Loss and Biodiversity of the Herbaceous Layer in New England Forests

The Interplay Between Landscape Structure and Biotic Interactions

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