Response of Nile Tilapia mono-sex (Oreochromis niloticus) Fingerlings to Different Sources and Levels of Protein Using Garlic and Onion as Feed Phytophytoadditives

Abstract

Twelve experimental diets containing 35% crude protein and 434.29 Kcal gross energy 100g-1 were formulated to process three groups of diets according to protein source and level: group 1 (G1) consists of: 25% fish meal (FM) + 75% soybean meal (SBM); group 2 (G2): 50% FM + 50% SBM and group 3 (G3): 75% FM + 25% SBM. Each group included four treatments according to feed additive source and level: a) control diet (without garlic or onion: D1, D5, D9), b) supplemented with 4% garlic (D2, D6, D10), c) supplemented with 6% onion (D3, D7, D11) and d) supplemented with 10% mixture (4% garlic and 6% onion: D4, D8, D12) on dry matter basis as phyto additives in order to study its effects on growth performance, feed utilization and whole body composition of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) mono-sex fingerlings. Fish were reared in thirty six glass aquaria for 84 days, triplicate per treatment. Ten fingerlings of tilapia were placed per each aquarium with an average initial weight of 3.12 ± 0.3 g/fish. Fish were fed twice daily (six days a week) at a daily feeding rate of 5 % of live body weight on dry matter basis until the end of the trial. The results illustrated that the best growth performance values (weight gain; average daily gain, ADG; specific growth rate, SGR%) and feed utilization (feed intake, FI; feed conversion ratio, FCR; protein productive value, PPV% and energy utilization, EU) were significantly (P<0.05) realized with fingerlings fed G2 diet followed by that fed G3 diet and then that fed G1 diet, respectively regardless of type and level of phyto additives. On the other hand, addition of 10% mixture of garlic and onion as phyto additives significantly (P<0.05), increased growth performance, feed and nutrient utilization rather than solitary addition of either garlic or onion, regardless of protein source and level which clearly showed with fingerlings fed D8 diet. Furthermore, no significant differences (P0.05<) were observed in feed and nutrient utilization between fingerlings fed additive mixture diet (Gg+o) and control diet (Gc) in spite of the lowest feed intake recorded for the later group (70.55 g/fish). Taking into account the diet number, which reflects the interacted effect of both protein source and level beside phyto additives source and level, it was found that fingerlings fed diet D8 realized the best growth performance followed by diet D12. On the other hand, fingerlings fed D5 and D8 realized the higher values for protein efficiency ratio (PER), protein productive value (PPV %), energy utilization (EU %) and the best feed conversion ratio (FCR). Furthermore, the results illustrated also that fingerlings fed onion supplemented diets recorded better growth performance response than those fed supplemented diets or control diets, and fingerlings fed onion and garlic mixture supplemented diets showed better growth performance and feed utilization than any of them in the same protein combination group. It could be concluded that diets consist of 50% FM + 50% SBM with 10% mixture of garlic and onion as phyto additives in Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) mono-sex fingerlings diets, are considered ideal for optimal growth and feed utilization without any adverse effect on fish health.

Prosopis Pod Meal as an Alternative Aquafeed Ingredient

“…Several researchers have used Prosopis pods in fish and livestock feed and found that it is a viable alternative to the Mabrouk et al, 2008 high-cost limited available conventional feedstuffs (Table 6). Most investigations on amalgamation of Prosopis pod meal as a fish feed ingredient were conducted on tilapia species.…”

“…Prosopis pod meal can completely replace the conventional high-cost ingredients (corn meal, wheat flour, rice bran and cottonseed meal) in tilapia feed. The available literature suggests that it may include 6.0 to 38.67% of the feed of tilapia feed with positive impacts on growth and health (Mabrouk et al, 2008;Ramos et al, 2012;Sena et al, 2012;Nascimento et al, 2019). Fermented Prosopis pod can wholly substitute rice bran in the feed of Labeo rohita without impacting growth performance and feed intake (Chovatiya et al, 2016).…”

Chitosan Microparticles Enhance the Intestinal Release and Immune Response of an Immune Stimulant Peptide in Oncorhynchus mykiss

“…Accordingly, functional foods with active components that allow the generation of prophylaxis to prevent infections are an essential tool in the food industry [10,11]. For instance, the salmon industry has incorporated phytoactive elements [12] or special diets to improve the condition of fish against infections by viruses, bacteria, or parasites [13,14]. Immunostimulant compounds that increase the immune response in fish are a new alternative for generating functional food for fish [15].…”