Response of nutrient digestibilities to feeding diets with low and high levels of soybean trypsin inhibitors in growing pigs

Li, Shaoyan; Sauer, W. C.; Caine, W. R.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0010(199803)76:3<357::aid-jsfa955>3.0.co;2-2

Cited by 21 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…6 Correlation of trypsin inhibitor (TI) with urease activity (UA) in all soybean products including solvent-extracted SBM, non-solvent-extracted SBM such as full-fat extruded (FFE) SBM, heat inactivated full-fat (HIFF) SBM and expeller SBM, and raw soybeans reached 3.33 mg g −1 in the diet, then AID of amino acids and CP will be substantially reduced by 13.3-26.0% points. This reduction is less than Li's report (Li et al, 1998) in which SBM TI in the diet was 13.4 mg g −1 , much higher than this study, and it decreased CP digestibility by 39.7% points (from 77.1% to 37.4%), AID of Met and Leu by 27.0% and 49.2% points, respectively, in comparison to 3.0 mg g −1 SBM TI in the diet in pigs. Taking together, increase of SBM TI in the diet could substantially decrease AID of amino acids and CP therefore negatively affecting performance and health in pigs.…”

Section: Effects Of Sbm Ti On Aid Of Amino Acids In Pigscontrasting

confidence: 80%

Trypsin Inhibitor and Urease Activity of Soybean Meal Products from Different Countries and Impact of Trypsin Inhibitor on Ileal Amino Acid Digestibility in Pig

Chen¹,

Wedekind²,

Escobar

et al. 2020

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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Trypsin inhibitor (TI) and urease activity (UA) are the most relevant quality aspects of soybean meal (SBM) for monogastric animals. This study's objective was to determine the levels of TI and UA in SBM collected from feed mills in different countries, whether TI and UA are correlated since they are both heat-labile, and impact of TI on pig ileal amino acid digestibility. TI was 1.20-8.37 mg g −1 with 36.4% samples <3 mg g −1 , UA was 0-0.311 ΔpH unit with 64.2% samples <0.05 ΔpH unit in 847 solvent-extracted SBM samples. TI and UA results varied by countries and world areas. By country, mean TI was highest in Germany and lowest in Philippines, mean UA was highest in India and lowest in Philippines. By world areas, mean TI was highest in Latin America and lowest in North America, UA was highest in Asia and lowest in Latin America. TI and UA results vary in different soybean products, TI ranked as raw soybeans > expeller SBM > full-fat-extruded (FFE) SBM ≥ heat-inactivated full-fat (HIFF) SBM > solvent-extracted SBM; UA ranked as raw soybeans > HIFF SBM > FFE SBM ≥ solventextracted SBM ≥ expeller SBM. TI was not correlated with UA in 847 solvent-extracted SBM, suggesting that UA may not be used as a surrogate indicator for TI. A diet contained 38% SBM with 8.78 mg g −1 TI significantly reduced apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids and crude protein by 13.3-26.0% and 23.3% points, respectively, in cannulated pigs compared to SBM with 2.51 mg g −1 TI.

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Section: Effects Of Sbm Ti On Aid Of Amino Acids In Pigscontrasting

confidence: 80%

Trypsin Inhibitor and Urease Activity of Soybean Meal Products from Different Countries and Impact of Trypsin Inhibitor on Ileal Amino Acid Digestibility in Pig

Chen¹,

Wedekind²,

Escobar

et al. 2020

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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“…First of all, what are the prospects that microbial proteins, relatively rich in amino acids essential to vertebrate hosts (Kinnear et al , 1979), are degraded in the hindgut to small peptides and free amino acids that can be absorbed? Certainly, whole‐animal studies may show evidence of protein digestion in hindgut, but if protein is largely degraded by hindgut microbes and then absorbed largely as ammonia, as is often thought to be the case (Li, Sauer & Caine, 1998), this achieves relatively little benefit in regards to satisfying requirements for essential amino acids. Indeed, if the immediate source of the microbial N was the host’s urea, uric acid, or high‐protein urate “spheres” (Braun, 2003), then one might ask whether the net effect of this kind of microbial cycling of N is anything more than a futile cycle, at least from the perspective of the host’s N economy.…”

Section: The Role Of the Avian Hindgut In Nutritionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The integration of digestion and osmoregulation in the avian gut

2009

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We review digestion and osmoregulation in the avian gut, with an emphasis on the ways these different functions might interact to support or constrain each other and the ways they support the functioning of the whole animal in its natural environment. Differences between birds and other vertebrates are highlighted because these differences may make birds excellent models for study and may suggest interesting directions for future research. At a given body size birds, compared with mammals, tend to eat more food but have less small intestine and retain food in their gastrointestinal tract (GIT) for shorter periods of time, despite generally higher mass-specific energy demands. On most foods, however, they are not less efficient at digestion, which begs the question how they compensate. Intestinal tissue-specific rates of enzymatic breakdown of substrates and rates of active transport do not appear higher in birds than in mammals, nor is there a demonstrated difference in the extent to which those rates can be modulated during acclimation to different feeding regimes (e.g. diet, relative intake level). One compensation appears to be more extensive reliance on passive nutrient absorption by the paracellular pathway, because the avian species studied so far exceed the mammalian species by a factor of at least two- to threefold in this regard. Undigested residues reach the hindgut, but there is little evidence that most wild birds recover microbial metabolites of nutritional significance (essential amino acids and vitamins) by re-ingestion of faeces, in contrast to many hindgut fermenting mammals and possibly poultry. In birds, there is some evidence for hindgut capacity to breakdown either microbial protein or protein that escapes the small intestine intact, freeing up essential amino acids, and there is considerable evidence for an amino acid absorptive capacity in the hindgut of both avian and mammalian hindgut fermenters. Birds, unlike mammals, do not excrete hyperosmotic urine (i.e. more than five times plasma osmotic concentration). Urine is mixed with digesta rather than directly eliminated, and so the avian gut plays a relatively more important role in water and salt regulation than in mammals. Responses to dehydration and high- and low-salt loads are reviewed. Intestinal absorption of ingested water is modulated to help achieve water balance in one species studied (a nectar-feeding sunbird), the first demonstration of this in any terrestrial vertebrate. In many wild avian species the size and digestive capacity of the GIT is increased or decreased by as much as 50% in response to nutritional challenges such as hyperphagia, food restriction or fasting. The coincident impacts of these changes on osmoregulatory or immune function of the gut are poorly understood.

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“…However, it is now well known that the food matrix and its transformation during processing affects the digestibility and use of the nutrients (Thorning et al, 2017). Heat treatments, for instance, may inactivate antitrypsin factors in foods, thus increasing protein digestibility, as illustrated by autoclaved and non-autoclaved soybean flour (Li, Sauer and Caine, 1998). But these treatments may also impact protein structure (German, Damodaran and Kinsella, 1982) and food structure (Le Feunteun et al, 2014), which influence such factors as enzyme diffusion, substrate accessibility and, subsequently, protein digestibility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

True ileal amino acid digestibility and digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAASs) of plant-based protein foods

et al. 2021

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Response of nutrient digestibilities to feeding diets with low and high levels of soybean trypsin inhibitors in growing pigs

Cited by 21 publications

References 0 publications

Trypsin Inhibitor and Urease Activity of Soybean Meal Products from Different Countries and Impact of Trypsin Inhibitor on Ileal Amino Acid Digestibility in Pig

Trypsin Inhibitor and Urease Activity of Soybean Meal Products from Different Countries and Impact of Trypsin Inhibitor on Ileal Amino Acid Digestibility in Pig

The integration of digestion and osmoregulation in the avian gut

True ileal amino acid digestibility and digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAASs) of plant-based protein foods

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