Response of ocean surface waves to the co‐occurrence of Boreal Summer Intra-Seasonal Oscillation and El Niño Southern Oscillation

Coexistence in Periodic Environments

“…We start by extending upon McMeans et al (2020)’s annual seasonal model here, but more generally, we define a “season” as a discrete division in time that repeats itself, or is periodic, of any given length. As such, summer (more productive) and winter (less productive) seasons in McMeans et al (2020) repeat themselves with a periodicity of one-year but we may also similarly decompose other natural shorter (e.g., seconds (Huntly et al 2021)) and longer (e.g., El-Nino Southern Oscillations (Joseph and Kumar 2021)) periodicities into discrete seasons of more or less productive conditions.…”

“…Nature is abundant with a diverse array of periodic climate signals (Jackson et al 2021; Pokorný 2021). The complex variations in temperature over time (Litchman and Klausmeier 2001; Jiang and Morin 2007; Rudolf 2019), for example, can be decomposed into different lengths of underlying periodicities using spectral analysis, revealing a complex mosaic of short (e.g., seconds, minutes, hours, days), medium (months, years), long (multi-decadal), and very long natural periods (100s to 1000s of years) (Forrest and Miller-Rushing 2010; Vasconcellos et al 2011; Huntly et al 2021; Joseph and Kumar 2021; Pokorný 2021). The regularity of these environmental periodicities allows for species to adapt and respond to them (Bernhardt et al 2020; Fretwell 1972; Shuter et al 2012; Tonkin et al 2017), meaning that nature has evolved around, and within, these complex temporal abiotic signatures (Mathias and Chesson 2013; Varpe 2017; Rudolf 2019).…”