Response of two tomato cultivars differing in salt tolerance to inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi under salt stress

Interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and phosphate-solubilizing fungus (Mortierella sp.) and their effects on Kostelelzkya virginica growth and enzyme activities of rhizosphere and bulk soils at different salinities

“…Inoculation with AMF improves growth of plants under a variety of salt stress conditions (Al-Karaki et al 2001;Giri et al 2003;Sannazzaro et al 2006). We have observed the same for shoot and root dry weights of K. virginica inoculated with AMF and/or Ms at all salinity levels.…”

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Improve the Antioxidative Response and the Seed Production of Suaedoideae Species Suaeda physophora Pall Under Salt Stress

“…The result suggests that AMF might play a key role in improving salt resistance of S. physophora under high salt condition and maintaining productivity. The possible reasons are that AMF can help plants uptake water (Porcel et al, 2003) and nutrients (Kaya et al, 2009) from the soil and can decrease the concentration of toxic ions caused by high salt in the soil (Al-Karaki et al, 2001;Mohammad et al, 2003). Moreover, AMF have been shown to increase the activities of antioxidative enzymes (He et al, 2007) and produce plant growth hormones (Iqbal and Ashraf, 2013) that have beneficial effects on plant growth under salt stress.…”

Co-inoculations of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia under salinity in alfalfa

“…This fact can be justified as follows: such symbioses may cause hydrogen (H) pumps that generate the driving force for increasing the value of the K/Na ratio which enhance the plant salinity tolerance (Rabie and Almadini 2005). In addition, AMF may also increase plant salinity tolerance by increasing mineral nutrition acquisition (Cordovilla et al 1995), improving rhizospheric conditions (Linderman 1994), enhancing water potential (Hildebrandt et al 2001;Marulanda et al 2003), altering physiological and biochemical properties of the host plants (Smith and Read 1997), and enhancing host physiological processes such as increasing the carbon dioxide exchange rate, transpiration, stomatal conductance, root hydraulic conductivity and water use efficiency (Ruiz-Lozano et al 1996;Smith and Read 1997;Al-Karaki et al 2001).…”

“…Nourinia et al (2007) reported that inoculation of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) root with Glomus mosseae produced significant colonization, but colonization percentage decreased as salinity level increased, and it was concluded that this could be due to a direct effect of NaCl on the fungi. Al-Karaki et al (2001) reported that mycorrhizal colonization was negatively affected by salinity stress and they concluded that it was possibly due to the effect of salt on initial colonization. Several other researchers have also shown that salinity reduces mycorrhizal colonization through inhibiting the germination of spores (Hirrel and Gerdemann 1980), inhibiting growth of hyphae in soil and hyphal spreading after initial infection had occurred (McMillen et al 1998), and reducing the number of arbuscules (Tian et al 2004).…”