Response of water springs towards an earthquake: A case study from Sikkim Himalaya

Barfal, Saurabh Singh; Das, Munmee; Joshi, Mrinal; Joshi, Rajesh K.; Kumar, K. Vinod; Kumar, Devendra; Kumar, Yatindra

doi:10.1016/j.jappgeo.2022.104792

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…A lot of past studies suggest how interruptions of water supply occurred due to occurrences of earthquakes. In the case of Barfal et al [13], the findings suggest that post-earthquake impacted the hydrology system in Sikkim, India. The water springs observed in Sikkim were dried up, while some discharged at a faster rate after the occurrence of the Mw 6.9 earthquake in 2011 in Sikkim.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In addition, pond water quality was degraded for seaweed cultivation after an earthquake measuring M 7.4 in 2018 in Palu City, Indonesia [14]. Furthermore, global data suggests that a more than magnitude five earthquakes can change the hydrogeology of a region, emphasizing the impacts of earthquakes [13]. This is also in line with similar research focusing on post-earthquake-related research in Ranau Sabah, which mentioned that the 2015 earthquake led to a water shortage, disruption and degradation [9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Water Quality for River Basins after Post Earthquake Event

Payus¹,

Anuar²,

Musta³

et al. 2023

eer

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An earthquake with a magnitude of 5.9 on the Richter Scale struck Ranau, Sabah, on the 5th of June, 2015. It was recorded as the most significant earthquake occurrence in Sabah and had many implications, such as casualties, house and facilities damages, minor injuries, and environmental disruptions. In addition, the combination of continuous heavy rainfall triggered mudflow through landslides, which impacted the river's quality and disrupted the local water supply. The degradation of water quality will be due to the excess rainwater that cannot be absorbed by the soil, bringing the remnants of landslides into the river. Therefore, this study aims to monitor and assess the water quality of selected rivers affected by the earthquake and the mudflow to ensure it is safe to be utilised by the local residents. A total of five affected rivers were studied by analysing their physicochemical parameters, namely pH, temperature, turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO) and electrical conductivity (EC). The results indicated that the mudflow overall creates a turbid, foamy and smelly river. High turbidity readings associated with high suspended solids were detected on specific dates for respective river stations. The high readings were associated with the cause of mass fish death in Sungai Kadamaian. Next, Sungai Mesilou faced a high-temperature reading above two celcius, which was not favourable for aquatic life. Physically, Sungai Mesilou also became shallower and flowed slowly. However, overall monitoring data revealed that the river's water quality was in good condition, except for the high turbidity dates. Nevertheless, the water quality of the respective rivers can recover on its own with the drop in turbidity levels found by the end of the monitoring dates, specifically at Sungai Panataran (S1), Sungai Kadamaian (S3) and Sungai Mesilou (S4). Hence, the water quality of such rivers, in general, is practically good and safe.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Quality for River Basins after Post Earthquake Event

Payus¹,

Anuar²,

Musta³

et al. 2023

eer

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“…1 However, in recent times, it has become apparent that the springs in the Indian Himalayan region are drying up or becoming seasonal due to various factors, including human activities and climate change. [2][3][4] The drying up of springs can be attributed to increased temperature, more intense rainfall, reduced temporal distribution, and a significant decline in winter rain. Unfortunately, there has been a lack of data collection, resulting in inadequate information and data regarding springs in the region.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Delineation of Spring Potential Zones using Geospatial Techniques: Arunachal Pradesh, India

Ranjan

Pandey

2023

Curr. World Environ

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In the current climate change scenario, natural spring in the region is drying or vanishing, increasing water scarcity. So, to protect this vital resource, spring rejuvenation and protection activities are needed. Thus, the region spring potential zones (SPZ) must be identified to execute the project successfully. The current study used remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS) techniques to determine an SPZ based on multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) and an analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The SPZ map was created using eight spring-influencing parameters and showed that the medium potential zone had the highest area (55.6%), followed by high (24.3%), poor (18.804%), and very high (1.3%). The AUC validation score was 0.714, indicating good prediction accuracy. The study recommended implementing artificial rainwater harvesting structures and protection measures to rejuvenate springs for long-term sustainable water supply in very high to medium potential zones, representing 63.73% and 29.67% of the identified spring locations, respectively.

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“…In this context, it is necessary to seek a tectonic explanation for its origin, namely, to understand its relationship with existing geological faults, which may correspond to active faults, or simple lineaments. Several studies carried out in tectonically active mountainous areas, for example [14], suggest that in addition to the surficial deformations and risks that earthquakes can cause, they also influence the hydrogeological conditions of a region.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seismic Sequence Analysis of the Arraiolos Zone, South Portugal, and Its Seismotectonic Implications: A Detailed Analysis of the Period 15 January–30 June 2018

Wachilala,

Borges,

Caldeira

et al. 2023

Remote Sensing

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The Arraiolos Zone has been affected by the persistent superficial seismicity (focal depth < 20 km) of a weak magnitude (M < 4) and some events of a higher magnitude (M > 4), and is mainly located around the Aldeia da Serra village. On 15 January 2018, at 11:51 UTC, the largest instrumental earthquake recorded in that area occurred, with a magnitude (ML 4.9) located northeast of Arraiolos, near the Aldeia da Serra village. This event was followed by a sequence of aftershocks with a magnitude (ML) ≤ 3.5. This seismic sequence was monitored by the designated temporary seismic network of Arraiolos, comprising 12 broadband seismic stations (CMG 6TD, 30 s) from the ICT (Institute of Earth Sciences, Évora) and 21 short-period stations (CDJ 2.0 Hz) from the IDL (Instituto Dom Luiz), distributed around the epicenter, within a radius of approximately 25 km. To infer the structure and kinematics of faults at depth and to constrain the crustal stress field in which the earthquakes occur, we use the polarities of the first P-wave arrivals and the S/P amplitude ratios to better constrain the focal mechanisms of 54 events selected, and apply the HASH algorithm. Overall, the good-quality (defined by the HASH parameters) focal solutions are characterized by a mixture of reverse and strike-slip mechanisms in our study area (AZS). Our seismicity and focal mechanism results suggest that the horizontal stress is more dominant than the vertical one and oriented in the NW–SE direction, parallel with the strike of the main faults. This analysis leads us to affirm that the ASZ is an active right-lateral shear zone.

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Response of water springs towards an earthquake: A case study from Sikkim Himalaya

Cited by 9 publications

References 35 publications

Water Quality for River Basins after Post Earthquake Event

Water Quality for River Basins after Post Earthquake Event

Delineation of Spring Potential Zones using Geospatial Techniques: Arunachal Pradesh, India

Seismic Sequence Analysis of the Arraiolos Zone, South Portugal, and Its Seismotectonic Implications: A Detailed Analysis of the Period 15 January–30 June 2018

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