“…In the present case, the avoidance of recently visited flowers by nectar-feeding birds is related to several paradigms used in laboratory studies of animal learning, such as alternation learning (Behar, 1961;Livesey, 1969;Yamaguchi & Warren, 1961) and win-shift response strategy learning (Brown & McDowell, 1963), which involve reinforcing responses that avoid stimuli or locations recently associated with reinforcement. Olton and Samuelson (1976) and Olton (in press), for example, found that rats rapidly learn to make just one visit to each arm of multi-armed mazes when each arm contains only one small piece of food.…”