Response to Commentary: Fungal Infections of Oral Cavity: Diagnosis, Management, and Association with COVID-19

Santosh, Arvind Babu Rajendra; Muddana, Keerthi; Bakki, Shobha Rani

doi:10.1007/s42399-021-01033-9

Cited by 20 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Oral microbiome is quiet diverse and is comprised of over 700 different “core” and “Transient” microbial species including Gram-positive, Gram-negative and fungal species [ 1 ], which significantly contribute towards gingivitis, periodontitis, dental caries, stomatitis, and candidiasis [ 2 ]. This greater microbial load is influenced by several factors including host, signaling systems, and environmental factors [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Evaluation of Essential Oil-Based Nanoemulgel Formulation for the Treatment of Oral Bacterial Infections

Ullah

Amin

Farid

et al. 2023

Gels

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Prevalence of oral infections in diabetic patients is a health challenge due to persistent hyperglycemia. However, despite great concerns, limited treatment options are available. We therefore aimed to develop nanoemulsion gel (NEG) for oral bacterial infections based on essential oils. Clove and cinnamon essential oils based nanoemulgel were prepared and characterized. Various physicochemical parameters of optimized formulation including viscosity (65311 mPa·S), spreadability (36 g·cm/s), and mucoadhesive strength 42.87 N/cm2) were within prescribed limits. The drug contents of the NEG were 94.38 ± 1.12% (cinnamaldehyde) and 92.96 ± 2.08% (clove oil). A significant concentration of clove (73.9%) and cinnamon essential oil (71.2 %) was released from a polymer matrix of the NEG till 24 h. The ex vivo goat buccal mucosa permeation profile revealed a significant (52.7–54.2%) permeation of major constituents which occurred after 24 h. When subjected to antimicrobial testing, significant inhibition was observed for several clinical strains, namely Staphylococcus aureus (19 mm), Staphylococcus epidermidis (19 mm), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4 mm), as well as against Bacillus chungangensis (2 mm), whereas no inhibition was detected for Bacillus paramycoides and Paenibacillus dendritiformis when NEG was utilized. Likewise promising antifungal (Candida albicans) and antiquorum sensing activities were observed. It was therefore concluded that cinnamon and clove oil-based NEG formulation presented significant antibacterial-, antifungal, and antiquorum sensing activities.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Evaluation of Essential Oil-Based Nanoemulgel Formulation for the Treatment of Oral Bacterial Infections

Ullah

Amin

Farid

et al. 2023

Gels

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“…Oral infections such as oral candidiasis and periodontal disease is a series of polymicrobial infection that affect the oral mucosa and tooth root [1]. Deterioration of oral hygiene leads to intraorally colonization of fungi or bacteria, it has been reported to contribute to systemic diseases such as gingivitis, aspiration pneumonia, deep mycosis, or increased severity and mortality in the historical pandemic of corona virus disease-19 (COVID-19) [2][3][4]. It is suggested that aspiration pneumonia, which is often seen in the elderly, is caused by oral bacteria growing in the oral cavity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibacterial Effect of Oral Care Gel-Containing Hinokitiol and 4-isopropyl-3-methylphenol Against Intraoral Pathogenic Microorganisms

Ohara

Odanaka

Shiine

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Objective: Deterioration of oral hygiene is closely related to increase severity and mortality of corona virus disease-19 (COVID-19), and also contribute to the development of various diseases such as aspiration pneumonia or Alzheimer’s. Oral care is attracting high interest in Japan, which has entered a super-aging society. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether commercially available Hinora® (HO) that oral care gels-containing hinokitiol and 4-isopropyl-3-methylphenol (IPMP) have biofilm formation inhibitory and antibacterial activities against various intraoral pathogen microorganisms. Method: Candida spp., Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were selected during the study period, all which were analyzed using antimicrobial disc, microorganism turbidity, and crystal violet assays. In addition, the germ tube test using C. albicans was performed with a modification of Mackenzie’s method. Images for morphological observation of the germ tubes were acquired with an inverted microscope. For comparison between products, we used Refrecare® (RC), which contains only hinokitiol (not containing IPMP). Results: All the intraoral pathogenic microorganisms showed drug susceptibility against undiluted form HO and/or RC. In particular, HO was more effective at lower concentrations than RC. In the HO-added group, inhibition circles were observed in all bacteria except P. aeruginosa when added at a concentration of 0.5 g/mL or more. The optical density values at 590 nm (crystal violet) and/or 600 nm (microorganism turbidity) of all the fungi and bacteria were significantly lower when cultured in medium with HO. Inhibition of growth or biofilm formation was observed when HO was added at a concentration of 0.05 g/mL or higher. To investigate the action mechanism of HO, germ tube tests were performed in C. albicans. The results show that culturing C. albicans in soyabean-casein digest broth with HO (0.05 g/mL) significantly suppressed germ tube formation. Conclusions: These data suggest that oral care gel-containing hinokitiol and IPMP has strong biofilm formation inhibitory, antifungal and antibacterial effects against Candida fungi and multiple intraoral pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, it may be a promising treatment option for oral infections.

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“…Candidiasis has been increasing in recent decades, mainly due to the growing number of individuals with immunocompromised conditions and the higher antifungal resistance of Candida spp. [1]. Candida spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…is the most common fungus, oral candidiasis (OC) is particularly critical due to its high prevalence in all ages and genders [3]. OC is characterized by oral discomfort, pain, burning sensation, parageusia, and aversion Antibiotics 2023, 12, 797 2 of 19 to food [1,4]. It is usually associated with age (childhood or older), smoking, diabetes mellitus, nutritional disorders, endocrinopathies, immunosuppressive conditions, and malignancies [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Oral Candida spp. Biofilms in Children and Adults Carriers from Eastern Europe and South America

et al. 2023

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Background: Candida albicans and non-Candida albicans Candida species (NCACs) are known to colonize and invade various tissues, including the oral mucosa. In this work, we aimed to characterize mature biofilms of several Candida spp. clinical isolates (n = 33) obtained from the oral mucosa of children, adults, and elders of Eastern Europe and South America. Methods: Each strain was evaluated for its capacity to form biofilms in terms of total biomass using the crystal violet assay and for matrix components production (proteins and carbohydrates) using the BCA and phenol-sulfuric tests, respectively. The effect of different antifungals on biofilm formation was studied. Results: in the children’s group, a predominance of C. krusei (81%) was observed, while, among adults, the main species was C. albicans (59%). Most strains showed a reduced response to antimicrobial drugs when in biofilm form (p < 0.01). Moreover, it was observed that strains isolated from children produced more matrix, with higher levels of protein and polysaccharides. Conclusions: children were more likely to be infected by NCACs than adults. More importantly, these NCACs were able to form biofilms richer in matrix components. This finding is of clinical importance, particularly in pediatric care, since stronger biofilms are highly associated with antimicrobial resistance, recurrent infections, and higher therapeutic failure.

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Response to Commentary: Fungal Infections of Oral Cavity: Diagnosis, Management, and Association with COVID-19

Cited by 20 publications

References 3 publications

Development and Evaluation of Essential Oil-Based Nanoemulgel Formulation for the Treatment of Oral Bacterial Infections

Development and Evaluation of Essential Oil-Based Nanoemulgel Formulation for the Treatment of Oral Bacterial Infections

Antibacterial Effect of Oral Care Gel-Containing Hinokitiol and 4-isopropyl-3-methylphenol Against Intraoral Pathogenic Microorganisms

Characterization of Oral Candida spp. Biofilms in Children and Adults Carriers from Eastern Europe and South America

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