Response to Comments by William M. Bowen

Sadd, James; Pastor, Manuel; Boer, J. Thomas; Snyder, Lori D.

doi:10.1177/089124249901300203

Cited by 6 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 10 publications

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“…Note that median household income is entered as a quadratic variable. Following previous research (Been 1995;Boer et al 1997;Sadd et al 1999aSadd et al , 1999b, we assume that the relationship between income and lifetime cancer risk is curvilinear, following an inverted U-shaped curve in which extremely poor tracts may have lower cancer risks due to low levels of economic (and pollution-generating) activities, whereas wealthier residents tend to live in tracts with lower cancer risk levels due to their political power to resist pollution-generating activities.…”

Section: Morello-frosch Et Al / Environmental Justice 565mentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Justice and Southern California’s “Riskscape”

Morello‐Frosch

Pastor

Sadd

2001

Urban Affairs Review

Self Cite

303

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Past research on “environmental justice” has often failed to systematically link hazard proximity with quantifiable health risks. The authors employ recent advances in air emissions inventories and modeling techniques to consider a broad range of outdoor air toxics in Southern California and to calculate the potential lifetime cancer risks associated with these pollutants. They find that such risks are attributable mostly to transportation and small-area sources and not the usually targeted large-facility pollution emissions. Multivariate regression suggests that race plays an explanatory role in risk distribution even after controlling for other economic, land-use, and population factors. This pattern suggests the need for innovative emissions reduction efforts as well as specific strategies to alter the spatial and racial character of the environmental “riskscape” in urban centers.

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Section: Morello-frosch Et Al / Environmental Justice 565mentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Justice and Southern California’s “Riskscape”

Morello‐Frosch

Pastor

Sadd

2001

Urban Affairs Review

Self Cite

303

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Environmental Justice in Hamburg, Germany

Raddatz

Mennis

2013

The Professional Geographer

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Environmental Inequality in Metropolitan America in 2000

Downey

2006

Sociological Spectrum

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This study compares the environmental hazard burden experienced by Blacks, Hispanics, Pacific Islanders, Native Americans, Asian Americans, and Whites in each of the 329 metropolitan areas in the continental United States, using toxicity-weighted air pollutant concentration data drawn from the Environmental Protection Agency's Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators project to determine whether and to what degree environmental inequality exists in each of these metropolitan areas. After demonstrating that environmental inequality outcomes vary widely across metropolitan areas and that each group in the analysis experiences a high pollution disadvantage in multiple metropolitan areas and a medium pollution disadvantage in many metropolitan areas, the authors test three hypotheses that make predictions about the role that residential segregation and racial income inequality play in producing environmental inequality. Using logistic regression models to test these hypotheses, the authors find that residential segregation and racial income inequality are relatively poor predictors of environmental inequality outcomes, that residential segregation can increase and decrease racial/ethnic group proximity to environmental hazards, and that the roles income inequality and residential segregation play in producing environmental inequality vary from one racial/ethnic group to another. Keywords environmental inequality; environmental racial inequalityIn the past 20 years, academic knowledge concerning environmental inequality has grown steadily as researchers from a variety of disciplines have examined, with increasing sophistication, not only the distribution of social groups around environmental hazards (Bowen, 2002;Brulle & Pellow, 2005;Ringquist, 2005;Szasz & Meuser, 1997) but also the determinants of this distribution (Been & Gupta, 1997;Downey, 2005;Hamilton, 1995;Hunter, White, Little, & Sutton, 2003;Oakes, Anderton, & Anderson, 1996;Pastor, Sadd, & Hipp, 2001;Shaikh & Loomis, 1999) and the causal forces shaping this distribution (Berry, 2003;Browne & Keil, 2000;Gaard, 2001;Norgaard, 2006). Researchers have found income and poverty to be consistently associated with hazard presence in the expected direction: As environmental hazard presence increases, incomes decrease and poverty rates increase

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Response to Comments by William M. Bowen

Cited by 6 publications

References 10 publications

Environmental Justice and Southern California’s “Riskscape”

Environmental Justice and Southern California’s “Riskscape”

Environmental Justice in Hamburg, Germany

Environmental Inequality in Metropolitan America in 2000

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