Response to Letter Regarding Article, “Clinically Confirmed Stroke With Negative Diffusion-Weighted Imaging Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Longitudinal Study of Clinical Outcomes, Stroke Recurrence, and Systematic Review”

Abstract

We thank Reale et al 1 for their interest in our study, 2 and for describing their interesting case and suggestion that the absence of a diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) lesion in a third of our patients with stroke was because of a shorter duration of ischemia.Disappearing DWI lesions are well documented to be associated with short duration and lesser severity of ischemic insult in animal models.3 Similarly, in patients, milder strokes are less likely to produce a DWI lesion than severe strokes. 4 Other factors influence DWI lesion visibility. The DWI lesion lasts longer in white than in gray matter, and the DWI lesion disappears more quickly in mild than in severe stroke, 5 presumably reflecting the degree of tissue damage.In our cohort of patients with a nondisabling stroke referred to by Reale et al, 1 it was not possible to estimate the duration of ischemia precisely. None of our patients underwent angiography or clot retrieval and few were thrombolysed because of the mildness of the stroke or delayed presentation. However, we did record whether the stroke symptoms had resolved by the time of magnetic resonance imaging scan: 148 of 188 patients with a lesion on the DWI sequence at presentation and 46 of 77 patients without a lesion on the DWI sequence still had ongoing neurological symptoms when the magnetic resonance imaging scan was performed (P=0.06). Strokes were slightly more severe in patients with a DWI lesion (median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] 2; interquartile range, 1.2-4) than without a DWI lesion (median NIHSS 2; interquartile range, 1-2; P=0.03) but there was no difference in time to scanning or prevalence of vascular risk factors between the patients with and without a DWI lesion. Therefore, we think it is unlikely that the patients without a DWI lesion simply had a shorter duration of ischemia.We did note that the patients with a DWI lesion were more likely to have a higher burden of white matter hyperintensities despite being the same age, which might suggest that patients with a DWI lesion were more vulnerable to showing ischemic change than those without a DWI lesion as suggested in our article. Other studies have shown that patients with preexisting brain vascular disease are more likely to have larger infarcts, more infarct growth and worse outcomes 6 than those without previous lesions. Clearly, further research is required to evaluate the role of brain vulnerability in determining the response to ischemic stroke. Sources of FundingThe Wellcome Trust funded the original study. DisclosuresNone.Stephen

Hypercoagulation on Thromboelastography Predicts Early Neurological Deterioration in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke

“…In fact, the mechanisms of END in patients with severe stroke or who are receiving thrombolytic therapy may differ from the mechanisms of END in the study population, as HT, brain edema, and other systemic conditions are likely to be more frequent in severe stroke patients than in mild stroke patients [13]. Third, despite the high sensitivity of DWI for ischemia detection, false negatives might occur in some locations, such as in small in- farcts or the brainstem [20,21]. A previous study reported that milder strokes are less likely to produce a DWI lesion than severe strokes [22].…”

Relation of infarction location and volume to vertigo in vertebrobasilar stroke

“…Nearly one‐third of nondisabling stroke, especially those with small brain infarctions, those with infarctions in the posterior circulation or with infarctions causing mild perfusion deficits not amounting to induce diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) lesion are missed on the initial brain MRI, the so‐called MRI negative stroke (Makin, Doubal, Dennis, & Wardlaw, ; Saber Tehrani et al, ; Sylaja, Coutts, Krol, Hill, & Demchuk, ). We speculate that the absence of vertigo in patients with suspected vertebrobasilar stroke may be a warning sign for the presence of MRI negative stroke.…”

Intracranial functional haemodynamic relationships in patients with cerebral small vessel disease

“…We also invited such patients who had participated in recent previous prospective studies. (20) All patients had a clinical stroke diagnosis confirmed by a specialist stroke physician and brain imaging that either confirmed a relevant recent infarct or, if no recent infarct was visible, excluded any other cause of the presenting symptoms. (20)…”