Responses of aquatic organisms to pollutant stress: Theoretical and practical implications

Forbes, V. E.; Calow, Peter

doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-8882-0_2

Cited by 17 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…For each chemical, phenotypic variance (V P ) was computed adding the environmental variance (V E ) and the genetic variance (V G ), V E being determined with approximate estimates of standard deviation values from the models fitted to mortality versus concentration and approximate values of broad sense heritability for each chemical being determined as V G /V P (Falconer and Mackay 1996; Hoffman and Parsons 1997). In the present study, V E only means the non genetically determined component of variance, since differences of environmental conditions among individuals were, at most, minimal, with almost all observed within genotypes variation being a result of stochasticity (Falconer and Mackay 1996; Forbes and Calow 1997). For comparative purposes among chemicals, the genetic variation was quantified with the coefficients of variation (CV) of the median lethal concentrations at 48 h.…”

Section: The Multiple Stressors Differential Tolerance Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 67%

“…Lack of representativeness may lead to severe under- or overestimation of risk. Classical ecotoxicity testing limited data gathering on intraspecific variability because of the long lasting quest for precision at the expense of accuracy, through the minimization of genetic variation in many tests (Forbes and Calow 1997). This paradigm has pervaded toxicity testing, namely with daphnids where the use of clonal lineages has become the standard.…”

Section: The Multiple Stressors Differential Tolerance Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Contaminant driven genetic erosion and associated hypotheses on alleles loss, reduced population growth rate and increased susceptibility to future stressors: an essay

Ribeiro

Lopes

2013

Ecotoxicology

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Microevolution due to pollution can occur mainly through genetic drift bottlenecks, especially of small sized populations facing intense lethal pulses of contaminants, through mutations, increasing allelic diversity, and through natural selection, with the disappearance of the most sensitive genotypes. This loss of genotypes can lead to serious effects if coupled to specific hypothetical scenarios. These may be categorized as leading, first, to the loss of alleles—the recessive tolerance inheritance hypothesis. Second, leading to a reduction of the population growth rate—the mutational load and fitness costs hypotheses. Third, leading to an increased susceptibility of further genetic erosion both at future inputs of the same contaminant—differential physiological recovery, endpoints (dis)association, and differential phenotypic plasticity hypotheses—and at sequential or simultaneous inputs of other contaminants—the multiple stressors differential tolerance hypothesis. Species in narrowly fluctuating environments (tropics and deep sea) may have a particularly high susceptibility to genetic erosion—the Plus ça change (plus c’est la meme chose) hypothesis. A discussion on the consequences of these hypotheses is what this essay aimed at.

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Section: The Multiple Stressors Differential Tolerance Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 67%

Section: The Multiple Stressors Differential Tolerance Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Contaminant driven genetic erosion and associated hypotheses on alleles loss, reduced population growth rate and increased susceptibility to future stressors: an essay

Ribeiro

Lopes

2013

Ecotoxicology

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“…Diverse physiological responses allow a population living in an impacted environment, to acquire resistance to metals (Klerks & Weis, 1987; Bodar et al ., 1990; Posthuma et al ., 1993; Stuhlbacher & Maltby, 1992; Donker et al ., 1993; Shirley & Sibly, 1999; Xu et al ., 2009). One kind of response includes modification of life‐history traits in order to avoid contact with the stressor (Maltby et al ., 1987; Hoffmann & Parsons, 1994; Forbes & Calow, 1997) and these changes can be adaptive (Maltby, 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population specific fitness response of Drosophila subobscura to lead pollution

2012

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Differences in heavy metal tolerance among separate populations of the same species have often been interpreted as local adaptation. Persistence of differences after removing the stressor indicates that mechanisms responsible for the increased tolerance were genetically determined. Drosophila subobscura Collin (Diptera: Drosophilidae) populations were sampled from two localities with different history of heavy metal pollution, and reared for eight generations in the laboratory on a standard medium and on media with different concentrations of lead (Pb). To determine whether flies from different natural populations exposed to the Pb-contaminated media in the laboratory show population specific variability in fitness components over generations, experimental groups with different concentrations of lead were assayed in three generations (F2 , F5 , and F8 ) for fecundity, developmental time, and egg-to-adult viability. On the contaminated medium, fecundity was reduced in later generations and viability was increased, irrespective of the environmental origin of populations. For both populations, developmental time showed a tendency of slowing down on media with lead. Faster development was observed in later generations. Preadaptation to contamination, meaning higher fecundity, higher viability, and faster egg to adult development in all studied generations, was found in D. subobscura originating from the locality with a higher level of heavy metal pollution.

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“…There are suggestions that geographical variations in the annual cyclic levels of pollutants put selection pressure on organisms to overcome a range of negative effects of pollutants (Holloway et al 1990, Forbes and Calow 1997, Johansson et al 2001). There is not any extensivestudy exploring level of adaptation of the same amphibian species to varying levels of ammonium-nitrate.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Intraspecific Differences in Responses of Marsh Frog (Pelophylax ridibundus) Tadpoles Exposed to Environmentally Relevant and Acute Levels of Ammonium Nitrate Fertilizer

Karaoglu¹,

Kutrup²,

Öğüt³

2010

Journal of Freshwater Ecology

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Responses of aquatic organisms to pollutant stress: Theoretical and practical implications

Cited by 17 publications

References 29 publications

Contaminant driven genetic erosion and associated hypotheses on alleles loss, reduced population growth rate and increased susceptibility to future stressors: an essay

Contaminant driven genetic erosion and associated hypotheses on alleles loss, reduced population growth rate and increased susceptibility to future stressors: an essay

Population specific fitness response of Drosophila subobscura to lead pollution

Intraspecific Differences in Responses of Marsh Frog (Pelophylax ridibundus) Tadpoles Exposed to Environmentally Relevant and Acute Levels of Ammonium Nitrate Fertilizer

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