Responses of avocado to laurel wilt, caused by<i>Raffaelea lauricola</i>

Ploetz, R. C.; Pérez-Martínez, J. M.; Smith, Jason A.; Hughes, Marc A.; Dreaden, Tyler J.; Inch, S.; Fu, Yuqing

doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2011.02564.x

Cited by 81 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…These diseases have developed in forest ecosystems, urban landscapes and agricultural settings, under varied environments, and in geographically diverse locations (2,42,51,56,73,89,94,98,114,133,137,149,169). The most significant of these diseases have had huge and surprising impacts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bigger trees also develop more severe symptoms of LW (51,133). In the KOW and LW pathosystems the vectors may respond to visual cues.…”

Section: Systemic and Lethal Damage Caused By An Ambrosia Beetle Symbmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Marini et al (106) determined that the value of imports could be used to predict numbers of exotic Scolytinae, and that warmer and wetter climates in the USA were correlated with their occurence. To develop better predictive capabilities for these problems, identification is needed of additional criteria that are related to the establishment of these insects and the phytopathogenicity of their symbionts.Ophiostoma novo-ulmi, the Ceratocystis mango pathogens, and R. lauricola are exceptional among the phytopathogenic symbionts, in that a single inoculation of a susceptible tree species is usually sufficient to cause lethal disease development (2,51,133,149). In most situations in which ambrosia and bark beetles are vectors, the pathogens cause moderate damage and relatively small lesions develop when trees are artificially inoculated (114,120,161).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lee et al (102) also noted that larger trees tended to develop more severe disease than smaller trees. An aggregation pheromone that is produced by unmated males of P. koryoensis (which are responsible for initiating new colonies of this species) may play a role in the greater development of KOW on large trees (88).Bigger trees also develop more severe symptoms of LW (51,133). In the KOW and LW pathosystems the vectors may respond to visual cues.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Destructive Tree Diseases Associated with Ambrosia and Bark Beetles: Black Swan Events in Tree Pathology?

et al. 2013

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Diseases that are associated with ambrosia and bark beetles comprise some of the most significant problems that have emerged on trees in the last century. They are caused by fungi in the Ophiostomatales, Microascales and Hypocreales, and have vectors in the Scolytinae (ambrosia and bark beetles), Platypodinae (ambrosia beetles) and Hylesininae (bark beetles) subfamilies of the Curculionidae (Coleoptera) (73,102,144). Some of these problems, such as Dutch elm disease (DED), have a long history, have been extensively researched, and are fairly well understood (23,56,70,113,149,168,169). In contrast, other similar diseases developed recently and are poorly or partially understood (2,3,42,51,73,89,94,98,114,127,137,154,158, 164,165). Significant data gaps may exist for the ecology, epidemiology and management of the latter diseases.The emergence and unexpected importance of these tree diseases are discussed in thisarticle. An underlying factor in most of these interactions is the absence of a coevolved history between the so-called "naïve" or "new encounter" host trees and the pathogens and/or beetles (27,128,174). For the ambrosia beetles, these interactions are associated with susceptibility to what are typically benign fungi and atypical relationships with healthy trees (ambrosia beetles favor trees that are dead or stressed). Interestingly, the pathogens for both the ambrosia and bark beetle-associated diseases often have symbiotic relationships with the insects that are not based on phytopathogenicity. Some of the most alarming and damaging of these diseases are considered below as "black swan events" (155).Black Swans. Before 1697, improbable events and situations in Europe were known as "black swans" (at the time, all swans known to Europeans were white) (134). In that year, the black swan, Cygnus atratus, was discovered in Western Australia (38). Thereafter, "black swan" developed as a metaphor for a supposed impossibility that is contradicted with new information.For example, John Stuart Mill used black swan logical fallacy when identifying falsification, a key component in the scientific method (68).In a recent book, Taleb (155) developed Black Swan Theory (BST). Unlike the "black swan" to which Mill referred (68), BST focuses on unexpected events of large magnitude and consequence (155). Taleb (155) recognized such events in diverse fields including finance, history, science and technology. He suggested that black swan events: 1) have extreme impacts; 2) lie outside the realm of regular expectations (they are rare); and 3) are unpredictable.Although all ambrosia and bark beetle-associated diseases are not black swan events, several do fulfill the above criteria since they have large impacts, are uncommon surprises and are unpredictable (2,3,51,56,73,89,94,98,114,137,154,158, 164,165) (Table 1). They are typically understood and appreciated only with the benefit of hindsight and subsequent research.The Beetles and Beetle-associated Tree Diseases. The order Coleoptera contains more species than any other or...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bigger trees also develop more severe symptoms of LW (51,133). In the KOW and LW pathosystems the vectors may respond to visual cues.…”

Section: Systemic and Lethal Damage Caused By An Ambrosia Beetle Symbmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Destructive Tree Diseases Associated with Ambrosia and Bark Beetles: Black Swan Events in Tree Pathology?

et al. 2013

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“…Avocado leaves defoliate 2-3 months after the onset of symptoms. Affected avocado sapwood is stained reddish brown to bluish grey (Ploetz et al 2012). Eventually, the entire tree dies over a period of weeks to several months (Evans et al 2010).…”

Section: Laurel Wilt (Ra Aelea Lauricola)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Exotic plant disease threats to the New Zealand avocado industry and climatic suitability: a review

Everett

Siebert²

2018

NZPP

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The avocado industry was established in New Zealand from several importations dating back to 1907. Several serious pathogens found elsewhere in the world were not imported. A literature review and internet search were conducted to determine what serious avocado pathogens are not present in New Zealand and the potential impact they could have if they established. Relevant information was summarised for six pathogens determined to be the most serious of avocado and not known to be present in New Zealand: avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd); Pseudocercospora purpurea (cercospora spot); Ra aelea lauricola (laurel wilt); Fusarium sp. (fusarium dieback); Phellinus noxius (brown root rot); and Sphaceloma perseae (avocado scab). Laurel wilt, brown root rot, cercospora spot and fusarium dieback could become established in New Zealand if the climate here becomes warmer but establishment of ASBVd and avocado scab (which are not restricted to hot climates) is more likely.

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Barks from avocado trees of different geographic locations have consistent microbial communities

et al. 2021

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Bark is a permanent surface for microbial colonization at the interface of trees and the surrounding air. However, little is known about the microbial communities harbored on these tissues. Studies on bark microbial ecology show a dominance of bacteria from a few phyla. Bark microbial communities of avocado (Persea americana) could have implications for tree health, as a first barrier for defense against certain pests and diseases in this economically important species. We used shotgun metagenomic sequencing to analyze the bark microbial communities of avocado trees from two orchards, and compared one of them to rhizospheric soil. Our results show that the microbial communities of avocado bark have a well-defined taxonomic structure, with consistent patterns of abundance of bacteria, fungi and archaea, even in trees from two different locations. Bacteria in avocado bark were dominated by Proteobacteria (particularly Alphaproteobacteria), Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes, consistently with bark communities in other trees. Fungal members were dominated by Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, while most Archaea in bark were Euryarchaeota. We can conclude that avocado bark is a well-defined environment, providing niches for specific taxonomic groups. The present in-depth characterization of bark microbial communities can form a basis for their future manipulation for agronomical purposes.

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Responses of avocado to laurel wilt, caused byRaffaelea lauricola

Cited by 81 publications

References 24 publications

Destructive Tree Diseases Associated with Ambrosia and Bark Beetles: Black Swan Events in Tree Pathology?

Destructive Tree Diseases Associated with Ambrosia and Bark Beetles: Black Swan Events in Tree Pathology?

Exotic plant disease threats to the New Zealand avocado industry and climatic suitability: a review

Barks from avocado trees of different geographic locations have consistent microbial communities

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