“…In recognition of the profound effects of microcystins on ingesting organisms, we evaluated how contaminants affect microcystins. We found that various contaminants induce hormesis, promoting microcystins synthesis and elevating intracellular microcystins concentrations. − ,,− ,− , Microcystins are typically enhanced within 1–4 days and increase further and often remain elevated for nearly 4 weeks from exposure to protect against stress in early stages and enhance the survival odds of live cells in the algal population. ,− ,,, Even growth-inhibitory high doses of contaminants, such as antibiotics and microplastics, can enhance the production of microcystins, and thus their concentrations and release in the environment, before suppressing it. ,,, Hence, low or high sublethal doses can also increase the release of microcystins in the environment, and total or extracellular microcystins decrease at lethal doses due to decreased cell density. ,,,,,,,,− ,,, …”