Responses of Nitrogen Metabolism, Uptake and Translocation of Maize to Waterlogging at Different Growth Stages

Ren, Baizhao; Dong, Shuting; Zhao, Bin; Liu, Peng; Zhang, Jiwang

doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.01216

Cited by 68 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The amination detoxifies plants from the high intracellular accumulation of ammonium, whereas de-amination action sustains carbohydrates metabolism [15]. Previous studies have shown that genotypes differentially respond to drought by an enzyme activity decrease [55] or increase [47,56]. Increased GDH activities have been associated with better tolerance to drought in wheat [57]; similarly, GDH over-expression confers drought tolerance in rice [58] and maize [59].…”

Section: Differential Biochemical Behaviors Of the Three Genotypes Gdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological and Molecular Osmotic Stress Responses in Three Durum Wheat (Triticum Turgidum ssp Durum) Genotypes

et al. 2019

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This study aims to investigate the activities and expression of enzymes of primary metabolism and relate these data with the growth performance of three different durum wheat genotypes (Maali; YT13; and ON66) under osmotic stress. Growth traits-including plant height, dry weight (DW) and relative water content (RWC)-were measured to classify genotypes depending on their tolerance to stress. Several enzymes were investigated: Ascorbate peroxidase (APX), Glutamine Synthetase (GS), Glutamine dehydrogenase (GDH), Glutamate synthase (GOGAT), Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), and Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase (PEPC). The expression of the cytosolic and plastidic glutamine synthetase (TaGS1 and TaGS2), high affinity nitrate transporters (TaNRT2.3) and Glutamate dehydrogenase (TaGDH) were also detected by qRT-PCR. The results indicated different growth performances among genotypes, indicating Maali and YT13 as tolerant genotypes and ON66 as a drought-susceptible variety. Data showed a decrease in PEPC and increase in APX activities under osmotic stress; a slight decrease in GS activity was observed, together with an increase in G6PDH in all genotypes; GS and NRT2 expressions changed in a similar pattern in the different genotypes. Interestingly, Maali and YT13 showed higher transcript abundance for GDH under stress compared to ON66, suggesting the implication of GDH in protective phenomena upon osmotic stress.Agronomy 2019, 9, 550 2 of 15 the photosynthetic activity by its direct effect on CO 2 uptake, resulting in a significant reduction in biomass and shoot growth [2][3][4]. At the cellular level, water scarcity triggers a set of modifications in biological processes caused by modifications in gene expression [5]. An integrated comprehension of morphological and physiological responses to drought requires a deep knowledge of both biochemical and molecular diversity among different genotypes. Indeed, distinct behaviors were observed in susceptible and tolerant genotypes resulting in changes in biomass production, plant height, and greenness [3,6]; these variations are consequences of many visible responses, such as osmolytes syntheses, enzymatic activities, antioxidant machinery, and specific gene expression [3,[7][8][9].In response to water limitation, plants tend to reduce damages by maintaining an optimum water status; to this aim, a set of compatible solutes are synthesized, namely water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC). These components help cells to maintain their turgor. In this context, it has been shown that tolerant genotypes accumulated more WSC than drought-susceptible ones [10].Water scarcity affects different enzymatic activities; among them, the nitrogen metabolism machinery plays a pivotal role in nitrogen utilization [3,8,11]. The activity of the enzymes involved in the GS-GOGAT cycle, a key pathway in nitrogen remobilization, was shown to be widely affected by water stress. Glutamine synthetase (GS), with its two isoforms (cytosolic GS1, and plastidic GS2), is a potential indicator of plant nutri...

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Section: Differential Biochemical Behaviors Of the Three Genotypes Gdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological and Molecular Osmotic Stress Responses in Three Durum Wheat (Triticum Turgidum ssp Durum) Genotypes

et al. 2019

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“…Additionally, this study indicated that when the implementing stage was changed from stem elongation to post-anthesis, the influence of waterlogging on the number of kernels per spike gradually declined, but the 1000-kernel weight increased (Table 2). Several publications have reported that waterlogging greatly affected leaf and tillering dynamics [36], photosynthetic system response [8,12], nitrogen absorption dynamics [15], and grain-filling process [4], but vary between the growth stages at which waterlogging occurs. Therefore, further experiments investigating the influence of waterlogging at various growth and subsequent physiology can help to develop accurately timed remediation measures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Except for the above-mentioned limiting factors, the stages when waterlogging occurs have attracted significant attention across plant species, including in wheat [13,14], maize [15,16], oilseeds rap [17], and cotton [18]. Identification of the critical stage when waterlogging causes damage that reaches an economic threshold will allow for damages to be more accurately measured.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying the Critical Stage Near Anthesis for Waterlogging on Wheat Yield and Its Components in the Yangtze River Basin, China

Ding

Peng

et al. 2020

Agronomy

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Frequent waterlogging near anthesis is a primary constraint for wheat production in the Yangtze River Basin, China. This study aimed to identify the critical stage for waterlogging on wheat yield and its components and identify the possible factors determining this stage. In the first experiment (E1), we evaluated three varieties and initiated a 10-day waterlogging starting at the stem elongation (S1), booting (S2), and anthesis (S3) stages. In the second experiment (E2), waterlogging was applied at the stem elongation (S1) and anthesis (S3) stages and for three durations (five, 10, and 15 days). In E1, waterlogging at S1 and S2 resulted in a lower grain yield than at S3. In the second year of E1, grain yield under waterlogging at S1 and S3 was similar but significantly lower than under waterlogging conditions at S2. Waterlogging at S1 and S2 greatly decreased the kernel number per spike and 1000-kernel weight, but waterlogging at S3 only decreased the 1000-kernel weight. Moreover, different varieties did not change the stages mostly reducing grain yield and yield components. In E2, grain yield decreased with prolonged exposure to waterlogging and was significantly lower under 15-day conditions than the five-day conditions. There was no significant interaction between the stage and duration of waterlogging. Finally, our results indicate that in yield formation, a greater reliance on kernel weight instead of the kernel number per spike can contribute to a reduction in yield loss for waterlogging at S1 and S2. This study, therefore, indicates that the stem elongation stage is the most affected by waterlogging.

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“…The relative feeding value (RFV), gross energy (GE), net energy for lactating (NE L ) cow ( Bos taurus ), total NE L , energy digestibility (ED), grading index (GI), evapotranspiration (ET), water use efficiency (WUE), and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) are defined by following equations (Fang, 2004; Feng, 2006; Han, 2013; Jiang, et al., 2018; Ren, Dong, Zhao, Liu, & Zhang, 2017a; Ren, et al., 2017b; Zhang, 2003) :

RFV = (120 / NDF) (88.9 - 0.779 ADF) 100 %

where NDF (%) is the proportion of NDF in DM and ADF (%) is the proportion of ADF in DM.

\begin{matrix} true \\ right normalGE false(normalMJ / normalkg normalDM false) & = & left 0.2393 CP + 0 . 3975 CFa \\ left + 0.2004 CFi + 0 . 1688 NFE . \end{matrix}

where CP (%) is the proportion of crude protein in DM, CFa (%) is the proportion of crude fat in DM, CFi is the proportion of crude fiber in DM, and NFE is the proportion of N free extract in DM.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The optimal plant density of maize for dairy cow forage production

Han

Liu

et al. 2020

Agronomy Journal

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Whole maize (Zea mays L.) plant (WMP) silage is an important feed for dairy cows. In northern China, yields and feed quality are adjusted by modifying the planting density. This paper is the result of a 2-yr field study aimed at determining the effects of plant density on maize silage yield and quality. Five planting densities (52,500, 60,000, 67,500, 75,000, and 82,500 plants ha −1 ) were used. The results showed that plant height and leaf area increased, while stem diameter, chlorophyll, and leaf area per plant decreased with increasing plant density. Both the biomass yield, expressed as the dry matter (DM) per ha, and the utilizable energy yield improved when the density was increased from 67,500 to 75,000 plants ha −1 , but increasing the density further reduced these values. The highest observed DM were 17,734 kg ha −1 and 17,055 kg ha −1 , and total net energy for lactation (NE L ) were 104.1 GJ ha −1 and 97.0 GJ ha −1 in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Feeding quality generally decreased with increasing plant density. The plant density which obtained the highest biomass yield was not the same as the plant density for optimizing feeding production. Compared with the highest predicted DM yields, the highest predicted total NE L yields increased the grading index by 4-9%, which indicated an improvement in forage quality. Total NE L yield is more efficient for the purpose of evaluating the productivity of WMP forage than biomass yield.

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Responses of Nitrogen Metabolism, Uptake and Translocation of Maize to Waterlogging at Different Growth Stages

Cited by 68 publications

References 39 publications

Physiological and Molecular Osmotic Stress Responses in Three Durum Wheat (Triticum Turgidum ssp Durum) Genotypes

Physiological and Molecular Osmotic Stress Responses in Three Durum Wheat (Triticum Turgidum ssp Durum) Genotypes

Identifying the Critical Stage Near Anthesis for Waterlogging on Wheat Yield and Its Components in the Yangtze River Basin, China

The optimal plant density of maize for dairy cow forage production

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