Responses of precentral cells during cooling of post‐central cortex in conscious monkeys.

Brinkman, J.; Colebatch, James G.; Porter, R.; York, Donald H.

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1985.sp015879

Cited by 48 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 29 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…2,3 A study by using the technique of retrograde labeling with horseradish peroxidase in monkeys revealed that both precentral and postcentral gyri contained corticospinal cells. 36 Later, functional studies demonstrated that a lesion 37 or cooling, 38 confined to the presumed postcentral gyrus, resulted in hemiparesis of the contralateral upper extremity in monkeys. Neuroimaging studies by using fMRI revealed that motor tasks such as finger tapping or hand grasping consistently activated the contralateral postcentral gyrus defined by anatomic landmarks, in addition to the precentral, premotor, and supplementary motor areas.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study of the Cortical Origin and Course of the Corticospinal Tract in Healthy Children

Kumar¹,

Juhász²,

Asano³

et al. 2009

AJNR Am J Neuroradiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Several studies have questioned the traditional belief that the corticospinal tract (CST) arises exclusively from the precentral gyrus and passes through the anterior half of the posterior limb of the internal capsule (PLIC) in humans; however, no direct evidence existed from structural imaging, and developmental aspects of CST origin have not been clarified. We used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography to test the hypotheses that CST can originate from both pre- and postcentral gyri and is located posteriorly in the PLIC, and we also determined how age, sex, or handedness affected these locations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-two healthy children (2.6–17.5 years of age; 20 girls) underwent DTI. Subsequently, tractography was performed on the basis of fiber assignment by continuous tracking (FACT) algorithm and brute force approach, with a fractional anisotropy (FA) threshold of <0.2 and an angle threshold of >50°. The CST was isolated by using a knowledge-based region-of-interest approach, and its cortical origin and location on the PLIC was determined. RESULTS DTI revealed that the CST originated from both pre- and postcentral gyri in 71.4% of hemispheres, from the precentral gyrus only in 19%, and from the postcentral gyrus only in 7.1%. The overall distribution was similar in both hemispheres. However, children with CST originating from both pre- and postcentral gyri were older (mean, 11.1 years of age) than those with precentral origin (mean, 5.8 years of age) or postcentral origin (mean, 7.8 years of age) only (P = .00003). The center of the CST was localized at 65% of the length (from its anterior margin) of the PLIC, and the CST occupied 26.5% of its anteroposterior length. There was a significant positive correlation between age and FA of the CST (r = 0.49; P = .002). The volume of the precentral portion of the left CST was significantly higher than that of its postcentral portion (P= .01) and that of the right CST (P = .0002). The pattern of cortica origin of CST, its location at the level of PLIC, and its volume and FA were unaffected by sex or handedness. CONCLUSIONS The CST most frequently originates from both pre- and postcentral gyri, especially in older children, and is typically centered approximately two thirds of the distance from the anterior margin of the PLIC and occupies about a quarter of its anteroposterior length. In young children, the CST can often be seen originating exclusively from the precentral gyrus by DTI

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study of the Cortical Origin and Course of the Corticospinal Tract in Healthy Children

Kumar¹,

Juhász²,

Asano³

et al. 2009

AJNR Am J Neuroradiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Previous studies revealed that a lesion (Xerri et al, 1998) or cooling (Brinkman et al, 1985) confined to the presumed postcentral gyrus resulted in hemiparesis of the contralateral upper extremity in monkeys. A previous human study of epilepsy surgery in extratemporal lobe epilepsy suggested that surgical resection of the postcentral gyrus resulted in more pronounced deficits of the contralateral extremities compared to that after resection of the precentral gyrus (Polkey, 2000).…”

Section: Evidence From Lesion Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Young patients with focal seizures may have the primary motor area for the hand in the postcentral gyrus

Haseeb¹,

Asano²,

Juhász³

et al. 2007

Epilepsy Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SummaryObjective: We determined whether the primary motor hand area was most frequently located in the precentral gyrus in young patients with intractable focal seizures. Methods:Sixty-five patients with focal seizures aged between 5 months and 20 years who underwent a two-stage epilepsy surgery using chronic subdural-EEG monitoring were studied. Pairs of subdural electrodes were electrically stimulated, and the brain region with contralateral hand movement induced by the lowest-intense stimulus was defined as the primary motor hand area.Results: Contralateral hand movement was induced without afterdischarges in 50 children but not in the remaining 15 children. The unpaired t-test revealed that failure to induce contralateral hand motor movement was associated with younger age of subjects. Among the 50 patients with a positive motor response, the primary motor hand area was confined to the precentral gyrus in 9 patients, confined to the postcentral gyrus in 24, and located in both the pre-and post-central gyri in the remaining 17. The McNemar's test revealed that the observed frequency of 24 patients showing the primary motor hand area confined to the postcentral gyrus was larger than chance frequency. Logistic regression analysis failed to demonstrate that the observation of the primary motor hand area confined to the postcentral gyrus was associated with the age, the presence of dysplastic lesion or the seizure onset involving the frontal lobe. Conclusion:Our study failed to support the traditionally-accepted notion that the primary motor hand area is most frequently located in the precentral gyrus but rather demonstrated that a substantial proportion of young patients had the primary motor hand area in the postcentral gyrus.

show abstract

“…This phenomenon is believed to be due to cortico-cortical connections between the primary and secondary sensory cortex and the primary motor cortex (19). The role of the primary sensory cortex in guiding motor movements has also been suggested in animal studies (19,32,33). Freezing the primary sensory cortex causes decreased speed and coordination of arm movements, and pharmacologic blockade results in decreased coordination of fine finger movements.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Motor Homunculus: Passive Mapping in Healthy Volunteers by Using Functional MR Imaging—Initial Results

Koçak

Ulmer

Uğurel³

et al. 2009

Radiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Purpose:To determine the concurrence of activation in the primary motor cortex, induced by paradigms of active and passive movement of extremities, by using blood oxygen leveldependent functional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Materials and Methods:The HIPAA-compliant study was approved by the institutional review board, and written informed consent was obtained from the participating volunteers. Functional MR imaging data were collected from 11 healthy volunteers (four women, seven men; age range, 24 -42 years) during active and passive movements of hand, elbow, shoulder, ankle, knee, and hip. These data were then mapped onto three-dimensional anatomic images. Volumes of activation were determined by using cross-correlation analysis at a coefficient threshold of 0.4 (P Ͻ .01). Regions of interest were drawn in pre-and postcentral gyri based on anatomic criteria. The mean number of activated voxels in the preand postcentral gyri induced by active and passive movements was compared by using Wilcoxon analysis. Concurrence ratios and proportional ratios of activation between active and passive movements were calculated for each somatotopic location.

show abstract

Responses of precentral cells during cooling of post‐central cortex in conscious monkeys.

Cited by 48 publications

References 29 publications

Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study of the Cortical Origin and Course of the Corticospinal Tract in Healthy Children

Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study of the Cortical Origin and Course of the Corticospinal Tract in Healthy Children

Young patients with focal seizures may have the primary motor area for the hand in the postcentral gyrus

Motor Homunculus: Passive Mapping in Healthy Volunteers by Using Functional MR Imaging—Initial Results

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About