Responses of Primate Retinal Ganglion Cells to Perimetric Stimuli

Swanson, William H.; Sun, Hao; Lee, Barry B.; Cao, Dingcai

doi:10.1167/iovs.10-6158

Cited by 85 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Our hypothesis is that when contrast is very high (i.e., a low dB stimulus), the responses of individual RGCs saturate, with their firing rate limited by factors such as the cell's refractory period. 10,11 The firing rate caused by a 12-dB stimulus will be very nearly the same as the firing rate caused by a 2-dB stimulus. This saturation effect may be responsible for the perimetric response probability reaching an asymptotic maximum below 15 to 19 dB because further increasing the contrast of the stimulus may not affect the spiking frequencies of the RGCs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The responses of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) increase approximately linearly with stimulus contrast at low contrasts, and then at high contrasts they show response saturation, with their spike rate no longer increasing beyond an asymptotic maximum. 10,11 When RGC response rate is already high (well over one-half of this maximum response rate) then increasing stimulus contrast results in only a small increase in the RGC firing rate. This in turn means that the probability that the observer will respond to the higher contrast is only minimally increased.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effect of Stimulus Size on the Reliable Stimulus Range of Perimetry

Gardiner¹,

Demirel²,

Goren³

et al. 2015

Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech.

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Purpose: Automated perimetry uses a 3.5 log unit (35dB) range of stimulus contrasts to assess function within the visual field. Using 'Size III' stimuli (0.438), presenting stimuli within the highest 15dB of available contrast may not increase the response probability at locations damaged by glaucoma, due to retinal ganglion cell response saturation. This experiment examines the effect of instead using 'Size V' (1.728) stimuli.Methods: Luminance increment thresholds for circular spot stimuli of each stimulus size were measured in 35 participants (mean deviation À20.9 to À3.4 dB, ages 52-87) using the method of constant stimuli, at four locations per participant. Frequency-ofseeing curves were fit at each size and location, with three free parameters: mean, standard deviation, and asymptotic maximum response probability. These were used to estimate the contrasts to which each participant would respond on 25% of presentations (c25).Results: Using segmented orthogonal regression, the maximum observed response probabilities for size III stimuli began to decline at c25 ¼ 25.2 dB (95% confidence interval 23.3-29.0 dB from bootstrap resampling). This decline started at similar contrast for the size V stimulus: c25 ¼ 25.0dB (22.0-26.8 dB). Among locations at which the sensitivity was above these split-points for both stimulus sizes, c25 averaged 5.6 dB higher for size V than size III stimuli. Conclusions:The lower limit of the reliable stimulus range did not differ significantly between stimulus sizes. However, more locations remained within the reliable stimulus range when using the size V stimulus.Translational Relevance: Size V stimuli enable reliable clinical testing later into the glaucomatous disease process.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Stimulus Size on the Reliable Stimulus Range of Perimetry

Gardiner¹,

Demirel²,

Goren³

et al. 2015

Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech.

Self Cite

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“…18 These variability properties of sinusoidal stimuli could be due to increased stimulus size [19][20][21] or to decreased stimulus range. [22][23][24] The current study was designed to assess the effects of stimulus size and range and to provide guidelines for selecting perimetric stimuli that reduce test-retest variability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, high contrasts produce physiological saturation of retinal ganglion cell responses. 22,28 Saturation is a basic property of all neurons that generate action potentials: Firing rate has a maximum set by factors such as refractory periods of ion channels, and responses become nonlinear when cells are strongly stimulated. Once stimulus contrast is high enough that ganglion cell responses become nonlinear, then further increases in stimulus contrast will cause minimal increases in the neuronal signal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Once stimulus contrast is high enough that ganglion cell responses become nonlinear, then further increases in stimulus contrast will cause minimal increases in the neuronal signal. 29 Recordings from primate ganglion cells 22 have found that responses to the size III stimulus become nonlinear by 300% contrast (20 dB in clinical perimetry), and ganglion cell saturation has been predicted to cause high variability when high contrasts are used. 23,24 If this is the case, then it is the limited range of stimulus contrasts of sinusoids that accounts for reduced variability for frequency-doubling stimuli and not the fact that they are sinusoids.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Choice of Stimulus Range and Size Can Reduce Test-Retest Variability in Glaucomatous Visual Field Defects

Swanson

Horner

Dul

et al. 2014

Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech.

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Purpose: To develop guidelines for engineering perimetric stimuli to reduce testretest variability in glaucomatous defects.Methods: Perimetric testing was performed on one eye for 62 patients with glaucoma and 41 age-similar controls on size III and frequency-doubling perimetry and three custom tests with Gaussian blob and Gabor sinusoid stimuli. Stimulus range was controlled by values for ceiling (maximum sensitivity) and floor (minimum sensitivity). Bland-Altman analysis was used to derive 95% limits of agreement on test and retest, and bootstrap analysis was used to test the hypotheses about peak variability.Results: Limits of agreement for the three custom stimuli were similar in width (0.72 to 0.79 log units) and peak variability (0.22 to 0.29 log units) for a stimulus range of 1.7 log units. The width of the limits of agreement for size III decreased from 1.78 to 1.37 to 0.99 log units for stimulus ranges of 3.9, 2.7, and 1.7 log units, respectively (F ¼ 3.23, P , 0.001); peak variability was 0.99, 0.54, and 0.34 log units, respectively (P , 0.01). For a stimulus range of 1.3 log units, limits of agreement were narrowest with Gabor and widest with size III stimuli, and peak variability was lower (P , 0.01) with Gabor (0.18 log units) and frequency-doubling perimetry (0.24 log units) than with size III stimuli (0.38 log units).Conclusions: Test-retest variability in glaucomatous visual field defects was substantially reduced by engineering the stimuli.Translational Relevance: The guidelines should allow developers to choose from a wide range of stimuli.

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Visual Field Progression With Frequency-Doubling Matrix Perimetry and Standard Automated Perimetry in Patients With Glaucoma and in Healthy Controls

et al. 2013

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IMPORTANCE A new analysis method called permutation of pointwise linear regression measures the significance of deterioration over time at each visual field location, combines the significance values into an overall statistic, and then determines the likelihood of change in the visual field. Because the outcome is a single P value, individualized to that specific visual field and independent of the scale of the original measurement, the method is well suited for comparing techniques with different stimuli and scales.OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that frequency-doubling matrix perimetry (FDT2) is more sensitive than standard automated perimetry (SAP) in identifying visual field progression in glaucoma. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSPatients with open-angle glaucoma and healthy controls were examined by FDT2 and SAP, both with the 24-2 test pattern, on the same day at 6-month intervals in a longitudinal prospective study conducted in a hospital-based setting. Only participants with at least 5 examinations were included.INTERVENTION Data were analyzed with permutation of pointwise linear regression.MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURE Permutation of pointwise linear regression is individualized to each participant, in contrast to current analyses in which the statistical significance is inferred from population-based approaches. Analyses were performed with both total deviation and pattern deviation. RESULTS Sixty-four patients and 36 controls were included in the study. The median age, SAP mean deviation, and follow-up period were 65 years, −2.6 dB, and 5.4 years, respectively, in patients and 62 years, +0.4 dB, and 5.2 years, respectively, in controls. Using total deviation analyses, statistically significant deterioration was identified in 17% of patients with FDT2, in 34% of patients with SAP, and in 14% of patients with both techniques; in controls these percentages were 8% with FDT2, 31% with SAP, and 8% with both. Using pattern deviation analyses, statistically significant deterioration was identified in 16% of patients with FDT2, in 17% of patients with SAP, and in 3% of patients with both techniques; in controls these values were 3% with FDT2 and none with SAP. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCENo evidence was found that FDT2 is more sensitive than SAP in identifying visual field deterioration. In about one-third of healthy controls, age-related deterioration with SAP reached statistical significance.

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Responses of Primate Retinal Ganglion Cells to Perimetric Stimuli

Abstract: The size III stimulus was superior to the frequency-doubling stimulus in preferentially stimulating M cells versus P cells.

Cited by 85 publications

References 47 publications

The Effect of Stimulus Size on the Reliable Stimulus Range of Perimetry

The Effect of Stimulus Size on the Reliable Stimulus Range of Perimetry

Choice of Stimulus Range and Size Can Reduce Test-Retest Variability in Glaucomatous Visual Field Defects

Visual Field Progression With Frequency-Doubling Matrix Perimetry and Standard Automated Perimetry in Patients With Glaucoma and in Healthy Controls

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