Responses of seed germination of Xanthium orientale L. and Xanthium spinosum L. to temperature

Abstract

Xanthium is a genus of flowering plants in the Asteraceae family (Compositae, with over 1 600 genera and 2 500 species worldwide), native to the Americas and to eastern and some parts of southern Asia. Although short-day plants can also flower in the tropics, where the day length is constant. Many countries have the status of an economically noxious weed species; in some countries, they are classified as invasive species (CABI 2022). Furthermore, Xanthium species are extensively distributed throughout Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H), with X. orientale categorized as invasive, while X. spinosum is regarded as economically harmful (Kelecević et al. 2020). Xanthium species have been reported to invade various crops such as maize, soybean, cotton, sunflower, tomato, wheat, orchards, and vineyards, as well as non-crop lands (Pacanoski et al. 2007;Hussain et al. 2014;Seifu et al. 2017;Vrbničanin et al. 2020). Yields of maize decreased by 10.0% at 1 X. strumarium/m of the row, but a maximum yield loss of 35.0-45.0%These results are part of the doctoral dissertation title "Biological characteristics and control species of Xanthium genus on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina", which is partly financed by Ministry of Scientific and Technological Development, Higher Education and Information Society Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Also thank to the project: 451-03-47/2023-01/200116.