Responses of soil and earthworm gut bacterial communities to heavy metal contamination

Lurzoru kutsatuen karakterizazio intentsiboa in vivo eta in silico fokatzeak erabiliz

“…Pestizidak, izurriteen zikloak aldatu, akabatu edo kontrolatzeko substantzia (edo substantzianahasketa) organiko edo inorganikoak dira [18]. Jatorri natural zein sintetikoa izan dezaketen substantzia hauen erabilera zeharo emendatu zen Bigarren Mundu gerraz geroztik [19], elikadura espezieen produkzio eta hazkuntza hobetuaren bitartez nekazaritza-ekoizpena bikoiztea ahalbidetu zen. Bestetik, metal astunak pisu atomiko eta dentsitate altudun (5 g • cm −3 gutxienez) elementu inorganiko naturalak dira [20].…”

Metagenomic Sequencing Reveals that the Assembly of Functional Genes and Taxa Varied Highly and Lacked Redundancy in the Earthworm Gut Compared with Soil under Vanadium Stress

“…Soil contains an abundance of living things, including microorganisms and invertebrates, which are sensitive to environmental stress. To survive increasing stress, i.e., accelerated vanadium exposure, invertebrates and microbial communities have evolved the capability of coexisting with heavy metals by adjusting their community composition and/or genetic functions ( 4 ). For example, heavy metal exposure (including vanadium) was reported to enrich the heavy metal-resistant bacteria in both the soil and worm gut ( 4 , 5 ).…”

“…To survive increasing stress, i.e., accelerated vanadium exposure, invertebrates and microbial communities have evolved the capability of coexisting with heavy metals by adjusting their community composition and/or genetic functions ( 4 ). For example, heavy metal exposure (including vanadium) was reported to enrich the heavy metal-resistant bacteria in both the soil and worm gut ( 4 , 5 ). Bacteria that were capable of converting highly toxic vanadium (V) to less toxic vanadium (IV), or that harbor metal effluent pump genes, were identified as vital for the vanadium reduction process, including Bacillus , Clostridium , Comamonadaceae , and Pseudomonas .…”

“…Therefore, more comprehensive information would be expected when considering functional genes while simultaneously exploring the assembly rules of taxa, which could help to gain a more complete understanding of the relationship between the microbial community and the inhabited environment. Although the soil and earthworm gut are communal environments for microbial communities, contrasting abiotic environmental factors between the two systems induce varying microbial compositions and functions ( 4 , 24 ). A previous study found that, because of the differences in nutrient conditions and redox status ( 25 ), earthworm intestinal bacteria harbored more abundant functional genes that are actively involved in vanadium reduction compared with soil bacteria; and by contrast, soil bacteria tend to have more abundant genes that are passively resistant to vanadium damage than earthworm intestinal bacteria ( 26 ).…”

Recognition of Heavy Metals by Using Resorcin[4]arenes Soluble in Water

“…They also affect the functioning of soil enzymes and microbial biomass (affecting microorganisms is crucial since they play an important role in the cycle of nutrients and in the decomposition of matter), hindering their growth and consequently degrading the quality of the soil. Examples of the above are those produced by Pb, which has effects on bacteria, and by Cd, which impacts the fungal population [5]. The fate and effect of these pollutants depend on the geographical and environmental conditions, the nature of the soil and the type of human activities, including the use of agrochemicals [6,7], mining [8][9][10][11] and industrial activities [12,13].…”