Responses of the Human Upper Extremity Vascular Bed to Exercise, Cold, Levarterenol, Angiotensin, Hypertension, Heart Failure, and Respiratory Tract Infection with Fever *

The Contribution of Local Factors to the Elevated Venous Tone of Congestive Heart Failure

“…These studies reconfirm the presence of an increased venous tone in heart failure (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)17) Fig. 3A.…”

Forearm Venous Responses to Stimulation of Adrenergic Receptors*

“…Under In using this method for measuring venous distensibility, it is necessary in the resting or control state to be sure that external water pressure on the arm is greater than the natural venous pressure; it is desirable, but not absolutely necessary, to have the water pressure higher than any level of venous pressure that might be reached during an intervention. In human subjects, injections of norepinephrine into the brachial artery have caused pressure in small veins of the hand (veins about 1 mm in diameter) to rise to 20 mm Hg (13). Systemic infusions of norepinephrine in doses in excess of those used in the experiments reported here have caused small vein pressure to rise to 16 mm Hg (14).…”

Report of the Hypertension Task Force of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Current research and recommendations from the Subgroup on Local Hemodynamics.

“…Pressure gradients along the length of venous segments in men with essential hypertension 47 and in dogs with chronic one-kidney, one wrapped hypertension," and calculated venous resistance in dogs with early one-kidney, one wrapped hypertension, 4 * were not increased above those in normotensives. It should be noted, however, that these studies were of larger veins.…”

“…Study of segmental resistances in the forearm bed of patients with established essential hypertension, and in the muscle, skin, and mesenteric beds of animals with experimental renal hypertension indicates that the increased resistance is primarily located in the arteriolar segment. 44 " 47 Resistance is normal or slightly increased in the larger conduit arteries. However, the contribution of large and small arteries to the increase in resistance may vary with time, vascular bed, and type of hypertension.…”

“…171 ' 17J Normal intravenous pressures have also been reported in experimental renal and DOCA-salt hypertension 44 ' *•• 17J -17S and in essential hypertension in man. 47 Thus, there is very little evidence suggesting that increases in systemic venous pressure occur in uncomplicated clinical or experimental hypertension.…”