Responses to Maximal Strength Training in Different Age and Gender Groups

Kittilsen, Hans Torvild; Goleva-Fjellet, Sannija; Freberg, Baard Ingegerdsson; Nicolaisen, Iver; Støa, Eva Maria; Bratland‐Sanda, Solfrid; Helgerud, Jan; Wang, Eivind; Sæbø, Mona; Støren, Øyvind

doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.636972

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…Considering the very high compliance to protocol, the substantial 1RM improvement of 29% was not surprising, and is in line with similar MST interventions in other patient populations (Wang et al 2010 ; Helgerud et al 2011 ; CeŠeiko et al 2020 ). In fact, the improvement is even somewhat larger than what is observed in healthy individuals across various ages, where an average improvement of 24% has been observed after a total of 24 MST sessions (Kittilsen et al 2021 ). This may be due to a larger potential for improvement from a low baseline and/or a mathematically larger percentage increase because of small numbers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Maximal strength training in patients with inflammatory rheumatic disease: implications for physical function and quality of life

et al. 2022

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Purpose Patients with inflammatory rheumatic disease (IRD) have attenuated muscle strength in the lower extremities, resulting in impaired physical function and quality of life. Although maximal strength training (MST), applying heavy resistance, is documented to be a potent countermeasure for such attenuation, it is uncertain if it is feasible in IRD given the pain, stiffness, and joint swelling that characterize the population. Methods 23 patients with IRD (49 ± 13 years; 20 females/3 males), diagnosed with spondyloarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or systemic lupus erythematosus, were randomized to MST or a control group (CG). The MST group performed four × four repetitions dynamic leg press two times per week for 10 weeks at ~ 90% of one repetition maximum (1RM). Before and after training 1RM, rate of force development (RFD), and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) were measured. Results Session attendance in the MST group was 95%, of which 95% conducted according to MST protocol. Furthermore, MST increased 1RM (29 ± 12%, p = 0.001) and early and late phase RFD (33–76%, p < 0.05). All improvements were different from the CG (p < 0.05). MST also resulted in HRQoL improvements in the dimensions; physical functioning, general health, and vitality (p < 0.05). Physical functioning was associated with 1RM (rho = 0.55, p < 0.01) and early phase RFD (rho = 0.53–0.71, p < 0.01; different from CG p < 0.05). Conclusions Despite being characterized by pain, stiffness, and joint swelling, patients with IRD appear to tolerate MST well. Given the improvements in 1RM, RFD, and HRQoL MST should be considered as a treatment strategy to counteract attenuated muscle strength, physical function, and HRQoL. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04998955, retrospectively registered.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Maximal strength training in patients with inflammatory rheumatic disease: implications for physical function and quality of life

et al. 2022

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“…More than 200 polymorphisms have been associated with strength/power phenotypes, especially concerning athletic performance (291). For example, individuals with PPARGC1A gene codes for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorgamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) Gly482Ser (rs8192678) CC genotype had lower one-repetition maximum at baseline compared to both CT genotype counterparts and T-allele carriers (292), but demonstrated that regardless of gender, baseline strength and age, 8 weeks maximal strength training intervention is effective in improving maximal strength in most healthy people. A systematic review of genetic influences on functional adaptations to aerobic or resistance training in older adults identified 7 studies measuring 10 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and 9 different functional performance test outcomes.…”

Section: Inter-individual Variability and Dose-response Heterogeneity To Physical Activity And Exercisementioning

confidence: 99%

International Exercise Recommendations in Older Adults (ICFSR): Expert Consensus Guidelines

Izquierdo

Merchant

Morley

et al. 2021

The Journal of nutrition, health and aging

601

377

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The human ageing process is universal, ubiquitous and inevitable. Every physiological function is being continuously diminished. There is a range between two distinct phenotypes of ageing, shaped by patterns of living - experiences and behaviours, and in particular by the presence or absence of physical activity (PA) and structured exercise (i.e., a sedentary lifestyle). Ageing and a sedentary lifestyle are associated with declines in muscle function and cardiorespiratory fitness, resulting in an impaired capacity to perform daily activities and maintain independent functioning. However, in the presence of adequate exercise/PA these changes in muscular and aerobic capacity with age are substantially attenuated. Additionally, both structured exercise and overall PA play important roles as preventive strategies for many chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, stroke, diabetes, osteoporosis, and obesity; improvement of mobility, mental health, and quality of life; and reduction in mortality, among other benefits. Notably, exercise intervention programmes improve the hallmarks of frailty (low body mass, strength, mobility, PA level, energy) and cognition, thus optimising functional capacity during ageing. In these pathological conditions exercise is used as a therapeutic agent and follows the precepts of identifying the cause of a disease and then using an agent in an evidence-based dose to eliminate or moderate the disease. Prescription of PA/structured exercise should therefore be based on the intended outcome (e.g., primary prevention, improvement in fitness or functional status or disease treatment), and individualised, adjusted and controlled like any other medical treatment. In addition, in line with other therapeutic agents, exercise shows a dose-response effect and can be individualised using different modalities, volumes and/or intensities as appropriate to the health state or medical condition. Importantly, exercise therapy is often directed at several physiological systems simultaneously, rather than targeted to a single outcome as is generally the case with pharmacological approaches to disease management. There are diseases for which exercise is an alternative to pharmacological treatment (such as depression), thus contributing to the goal of deprescribing of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMS). There are other conditions where no effective drug therapy is currently available (such as sarcopenia or dementia), where it may serve a primary role in prevention and treatment. Therefore, this consensus statement provides an evidence-based rationale for using exercise and PA for health promotion and disease prevention and treatment in older adults. Exercise prescription is discussed in terms of the specific modalities and doses that have been studied in randomised controlled trials for their effectiveness in attenuating physiological changes of ageing, disease prevention, and/or improvement of older adults with chronic disease and disability. Recommendations are proposed to bridge gaps in the current literature and to optimise the use of exercise/PA both as a preventative medicine and as a therapeutic agent.

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“…Six of the twelve genetic polymorphisms were associated with weightlifter status; additionally, its polymorphisms, excluding CHRNB3 rs4950, were reportedly associated with the muscle strength or power phenotype [ 15 , 16 , 17 ]. In particular, ACE I/D, ACTN3 R577X, CNTFR rs41274853, and PPARGC1A rs8192678 in the WRM associated with elite weightlifters were associated with weightlifter performance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association between Total Genotype Score and Athletic Performance in Weightlifters

Homma

Saito

Kozuma

et al. 2022

Genes

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This study aimed to investigate the relationship between power-oriented genetic polymorphisms and weightlifting status, create a total genotype score (TGS), and validate the association between TGS models and power-oriented athletes. First, 192 weightlifters and 416 controls were studied, and 12 polymorphisms that have previously been associated with strength, power status, and phenotype were genotyped using the TaqMan SNP genotyping assay. We calculated the TGS for the 12 polymorphisms using a PWM (power-oriented whole model) and for 6 of them using a WRM (weightlifting-related model) based on a case–control study. Second, the TGS of the WRM was compared for 177 strength and power athletes and 416 controls. There was no significant difference in the PWM score between weightlifters and the controls. Weightlifters and elite weightlifters had higher WRM scores than the controls. However, the WRM score had no association with weightlifting performance. There was no significant difference in the WRM between power-oriented athletes and the controls. Our study was able to create a TGS model for weightlifters based on case–control results. However, the TGS model could not be applied to other power-oriented athletes.

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Responses to Maximal Strength Training in Different Age and Gender Groups

Cited by 16 publications

References 86 publications

Maximal strength training in patients with inflammatory rheumatic disease: implications for physical function and quality of life

Maximal strength training in patients with inflammatory rheumatic disease: implications for physical function and quality of life

International Exercise Recommendations in Older Adults (ICFSR): Expert Consensus Guidelines

The Association between Total Genotype Score and Athletic Performance in Weightlifters

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