Responsibility under Criminal Law in Virtual Worlds

Cornelius, Kai

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-20823-2_7

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Cornelius'a göre sanal gerçeklik dünyası sürekli, bilgisayar tarafından üretilmiş kullanıcıların çok fazla sayıdaki diğer kullanıcıyla iletişim kurabildiği bir ortamdır. Burada kullanıcılar kendilerini temsil eden avatarlar vasıtasıyla hareket ederek bu ortamın kendilerine sunduğu tecrübeleri yaşarlar 8 . Yazar bu dünyada işlenen ve fakat gerçek dünyada da sonuç doğuran fiilleri ifade etmek üzere sanal (virtual) ve gerçek (real) kelimelerinden oluşan "virtureal" kavramını kullanmaktadır 9 .…”

Section: Metaverse-sanal Gerçekli̇k-artirilmiş Gerçekli̇k Kavramlariunclassified

Metaverse Ve Sanal Gerçekli̇k Ortamlari Karşisinda Ceza Hukuku

BACAKSIZ

2023

İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi

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Teknolojinin sağladığı kolaylık, iletişim ve yaşam biçiminde önemli değişikliklere de neden olmuştur. Önceden yüz yüze yapılan pek çok faaliyet artık bilgisayar ortamında gerçekleşmektedir. Sanal gerçeklik ortamları teknolojinin bu alanda insanlığa sağladığı imkanlardan en yenisidir. Bu ortamlarda bireyler eğitim almakta, sosyalleşmekte bazen de hoşça vakit geçirmektedir. Öte yandan bu ortamların sağladığı anonimlik ve dünyanın farklı yerlerinden pek çok kişiye kolayca ulaşma imkanı karşısında bu ortamlar suç işlemek isteyen kişilerin de hedefi haline gelmiştir. Klasik ceza hukuku normları bu alanı düzenlemek konusunda belli bir işlevi yerine getirecektir; ancak ilerleyen zamanda yeni suç tiplerine ihtiyaç duyulması ceza soruşturmasında yeni yöntem ve uluslararası işbirliği arayışlarının ortaya çıkması muhtemeldir. Sanal gerçeklik ortamının cezaların infazı açısından da önemli bir işlevi olması mümkündür. Özellikle koşullu salıverme ve topluma yeniden kazandırma bakımından sanal gerçeklik ortamı hem infaz sistemine hem de hükümlülere destek sağlayacaktır. Hükümlülerin koşullu salıvermeden yararlanıp yararlanamayacaklarının belirlenmesinde sanal gerçeklik ortamındaki davranışlarının gözlemlenmesinden yararlanılabileceği gibi, koşullu salıvermeden yararlanmaya hak kazanan hükümlülerin dış dünyadaki hayatlarına hazırlanmaları için de sanal gerçeklik ortamları kullanılmaktadır.

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Section: Metaverse-sanal Gerçekli̇k-artirilmiş Gerçekli̇k Kavramlariunclassified

Metaverse Ve Sanal Gerçekli̇k Ortamlari Karşisinda Ceza Hukuku

BACAKSIZ

2023

İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi

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“…37 Cornelius states that, "virtual worlds offer the money launderers an easy way to exchange or transfer virtual values for real currency". 38 In the real world there are three stages to laundering money from illegal gains: placing, layering and integration. 39 The fi rst stage, placement, is to put the money (normally cash) into a place such as a bank.…”

Section: Virtual Fi Nancial Crime and Criminalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Virtual world financial crime: legally flawed

Chambers-Jones

2013

Law and Financial Markets Review

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ANALYSISVirtual world fi nancial crime: legally fl a w e d January 2013Virtual world fi nancial crime: legally fl awed CLARE CHAMBERS-JONES Associate Professor in Banking and Finance Law, University of the West of England Financial crime is a complex topic but when it is coupled with the legal, jurisdictional and sovereignty issues of the internet and virtual worlds, it becomes even harder to regulate. Undoubtedly fi nancial crime, via the internet (cyber fi nancial crime) is a continuous threat and it is one that is increasing at an alarming pace. The law is trying hard to keep pace with the evolution of technology which is creating opportunities for criminals to exploit technology. The aim of this article is to discuss, in the context of the increase and evolution of virtual worlds, the economic crime committed within them. The article also discusses the application of real-world laws to the virtual world's crimes and considers (i) whether the laws are ill-fi tting because of the inability to match the virtual world crime with the legislative provision; and (ii) the sovereignty and jurisdictional confl icts that arise when drafting legislating to encompass the wide remit of fi nancial crime. Firstly, the article will consider how cybercrime has been defi ned and will contextualise the issue of inadequate regulation within the sphere of virtual worlds. Secondly, the article will consider and defi ne the concepts of virtual environment and virtual community so as to determine the nature and presence of crime in the virtual world. There is currently no standard defi nition of "virtual community" and therefore there is a necessity to build this fi eld of literature. The article argues that there is a predisposition on the part of criminals to fi nd loopholes in technology and the law to commit crimes, which can be demonstrated by literature documenting cybercrimes. Thirdly, the article considers virtual worlds and criminality, and how and why criminals use virtual worlds to perpetrate their crimes. Fourthly, the article considers examples of cases of cyber fi nancial crime, arguing that the sentences that have been laid down for perpetrators do not match the crimes the criminals have perpetrated because of the ill-fi tting legislation.The fi fth element of the article then moves on to examine the international legal perspective of cybercrimes by detailing various cases of cybercrime with a view to analysing some but by no means all of the issues related to regulation of the virtual world. The three countries that are examined are the United States, Australia and Nigeria, chosen as examples due to the present complexities of enacting new cyber laws into their domestic legislation. These countries provide an effective illustration of how complex cyber legislation drafting can be on a domestic level and as such legislating on an international level is fraught with drafting diffi culties. Finally, the article concludes that although virtual worlds are not lawless they use ill-fi tting real-world laws for crimes committ...

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“…In some cases, creators of virtual assets in the metaverse may own the rights to their creations, as with copyright laws protecting original authorship [7]. However, the terms of service of many virtual worlds, platforms, and games may specify that the creators of virtual assets do not own their rights but rather grant a license to the platform or game owner to use the assets [8]. This means that the platform or game owner may have the right to sell, license, or otherwise profit from the assets, while the creator of the assets may not have any right to do so.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Navigating the Metaverse Business and Legal Challenges: Intellectual Property, Privacy, and Jurisdiction

KALYVAKİ

2023

Journal of Metaverse

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The metaverse, a virtual space where users can interact, create, and transact with digital assets, represents a new frontier in human interaction and commerce. However, the legal landscape of the metaverse is complex and still developing, and it presents several challenges and considerations for intellectual property, privacy, and jurisdiction. This paper aims to provide an overview of the legal challenges associated with the metaverse and to identify potential solutions for addressing them. Applying legislation for intellectual property in the metaverse is a complex issue, as virtual worlds and online communities can involve collecting and sharing large amounts of personal data. A combination of technical, organizational, and legal measures may be necessary to protect intellectual property. Finally, it is still being determined who has jurisdiction in the metaverse, as virtual worlds and online communities can cross international boundaries and involve multiple legal systems. Jurisdiction in the metaverse can refer to the authority of a government or legal system to regulate and enforce laws in virtual environments. The paper concludes by highlighting the need for interdisciplinary approaches to understanding and addressing the legal challenges of the metaverse and the importance of creating specific laws, regulations, and policies that will balance the competing interests of different stakeholders.

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Responsibility under Criminal Law in Virtual Worlds

Cited by 5 publications

References 12 publications

Metaverse Ve Sanal Gerçekli̇k Ortamlari Karşisinda Ceza Hukuku

Metaverse Ve Sanal Gerçekli̇k Ortamlari Karşisinda Ceza Hukuku

Virtual world financial crime: legally flawed

Navigating the Metaverse Business and Legal Challenges: Intellectual Property, Privacy, and Jurisdiction

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