Responsive Interface Switchable by Logically Processed Physiological Signals: Toward “Smart” Actuators for Signal Amplification and Drug Delivery

Privman, Marina; Tam, Tsz Kin; Bocharova, Vera; Halámek, Jan; Wang, Joseph; Katz, Evgeny

doi:10.1021/am200165m

Cited by 84 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Biomolecular logic gates and their networks can recognize various biomarkers associated with diseases [42] or injuries [43] and generate a biomedical conclusion in the binary form ''YES''/''NO'' upon logic processing of the biomarker concentration patterns. The produced binary output can be extended to a chemical actuation resulting in drug release or bioelectronic system activation controlled by logic conclusions derived from the information processed by biomolecular systems [44]. This research direction will certainly result in tremendous contribution to future personalized medicine [45].…”

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confidence: 99%

Biomolecular Computing: From Unconventional Computing to “Smart” Biosensors and Actuators – Editorial Introduction

Katz

2012

Biomolecular Information Processing

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Chemical computing [1] as a subarea of unconventional computing [2] has achieved tremendous development in the past two decades, driven mostly by the idea of making revolutionary changes in computing technology. While the conventional silicon-based electronic technology comes to the physical limit of miniaturization [3], chemical systems might operate at the level of single molecules, bringing information processing systems from the present microsize to novel nanosize [4]. Even more importantly, chemical systems can perform massively parallel computational operations with involvement of as many as 10 23 molecules, resulting in a speed of information processing presently impossible in silicon-based computers [5]. Motivated by these ideas from computer science, chemists designed sophisticated switchable molecules and supramolecular complexes to perform logic operations and mimic computing systems [6]. Complex chemical reactions with unusual kinetics (e.g., oscillating diffusional systems -Belousov-Zhabotinsky reactions) [7] were suggested as media performing computing operations [8]. Extensive research in the area of reaction-diffusion computing systems [9] resulted in the formulation of conceptually novel circuits performing information processing with the use of subexcitable chemical media [10]. Novel conceptual approaches required for the usage of new chemical ''hardware'' were designed, resulting in algorithms potentially capable of solving ''hard-to-solve'' computational problems, thus demonstrating potential advantages of the novel unconventional chemical computing systems over classic silicon-based systems. The present state of the art of the unconventional chemical computing was summarized in the recent Wiley-VCH book: ''Molecular and Supramolecular Information Processing: From Molecular Switches to Logic Systems,'' E. Katz -Editor.It should be noted, however, that chemical systems designed for information processing usually suffer from two major problems: (i) They are very difficult to prepare -in other words -the synthetic processes required for their preparation are so complex that only a few laboratories are able to prepare and study the switchable molecules operating as the chemical computing ''hardware.'' This problem is technical rather than conceptual, and it could be solved at the present level of technology if the molecular computing elements find real applications. (ii) The main challenge in further development of chemical information processing systems is Biomolecular Information Processing: From Logic Systems to Smart Sensors and Actuators, First Edition. Edited by Evgeny Katz.

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confidence: 99%

Biomolecular Computing: From Unconventional Computing to “Smart” Biosensors and Actuators – Editorial Introduction

Katz

2012

Biomolecular Information Processing

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“…An approach to this was reported by the Katz group, building on their experience with enzyme logic systems and the transduction of a chemical response into an electrochemical signal. [65] The above discussed cascade of ALT-and LDH-catalyzed with the focus on pro-drug activation.…”

Section: Molecular Logic For Bio-sensing Diagnostics and Actuationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Information Processing with Molecules—Quo Vadis?

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2 Lead-In. Information processing at the molecular level is coming of age. Since the first molecular AND gate was proposed ca. 20 years ago, the molecular interpretation of binary logic has become vastly more sophisticated and complex. However, the field is also at a crossroads. While cleverly designed molecular building blocks are abundant, difficult questions remain. How can molecular components be flexibly assembled into larger circuits, and how can these components communicate with one another. The concept of all-photonic switching with photochromic supermolecules has shown some interesting potential and is discussed in this Review. Although the field of molecular logic was originally discussed mainly in terms of a technology that might compete with solid-state computers, potential applications have expanded to include clever molecular systems and materials for drug delivery, sensing, probing, encoding, and diagnostics.These upcoming trends, which are herein illustrated by selected examples, deserve general attention.

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“…26 The aqueous system has not only been realized as the AND gate utilized to detect the presence of both enzymes (here, by optical means), but has also been coupled to a signalresponsive polymer-brush thin-film deposited on an electrode. 41 The thin-film has then acted as a switchable interface electronically amplifying the chemical changes generated by the biochemical logic gate. This particular application requires significant changes in the AND-gate chemical product in order to make the thin-film permeable for redox species.…”

Section: Molecularmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enzyme-Based Logic Analysis of Biomarkers at Physiological Concentrations: AND Gate with Double-Sigmoid “Filter” Response

et al. 2012

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We report the first realization of a biomolecular AND gate function with double-sigmoid response (sigmoid in both inputs). Two enzyme biomarker inputs activate the gate output signal which can then be used as indicating liver injury, but only when both of these inputs have elevated pathophysiological concentrations, effectively corresponding to logic-1 of the binary gate functioning. At lower, normal physiological concentrations, defined as logic-0 inputs, the liver-injury output levels are not obtained. High-quality gate functioning in handling of various sources of noise, on time scales of relevance to potential applications is enabled by utilizing "filtering" effected by a simple added biocatalytic process. The resulting gate response is sigmoid in both inputs when proper system parameters are chosen, and the gate properties are theoretically analyzed within a model devised to evaluate its noise-handling properties.

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Responsive Interface Switchable by Logically Processed Physiological Signals: Toward “Smart” Actuators for Signal Amplification and Drug Delivery

Cited by 84 publications

References 27 publications

Biomolecular Computing: From Unconventional Computing to “Smart” Biosensors and Actuators – Editorial Introduction

Biomolecular Computing: From Unconventional Computing to “Smart” Biosensors and Actuators – Editorial Introduction

Information Processing with Molecules—Quo Vadis?

Enzyme-Based Logic Analysis of Biomarkers at Physiological Concentrations: AND Gate with Double-Sigmoid “Filter” Response

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